{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:06:33Z","timestamp":1791644793870,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_pp-2023-0044_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical significance of bacteremia in patients with complicated pleural infection is still uncertain. We aimed to examine the incidence and clinical significance of bacteremia in patients with complicated pleural infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_pp-2023-0044_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study comprised of consecutive patients who received pleural drainage due to complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema. The clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data and clinical outcome were compared between patients with and without bacteremia. Additionally, the factors associated with overall mortality were evaluated in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_pp-2023-0044_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 341 patients included in the analysis, 25 (7\u202f%) had a positive blood culture. Blood culture testing added 2\u202f% identification of causative pathogen compared to pleural fluid culture alone. By multivariable analysis, radiologic features of\u00a0cavitary lesion, a RAPID score\u22655, and a positive microbial culture in pleural fluid were independently associated with bacteremia. Despite these clinical distinctions, there was ultimately no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between patients with and without bacteremia (3 vs. 4\u202f%, p=1.0). The only factor significantly associated with overall mortality among patients with complicated pleural infections was a higher RAPID score [HR=1.96 (95\u202f% CI=1.35\u20132.84)].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_pp-2023-0044_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rate of bacteremia in patients with complicated pleural infection was 7\u202f%. Blood culture testing demonstrated limited diagnostic yield and had minimal impact on clinical outcomes compared to pleural fluid culture. Therefore, it seems that blood culture testing is more advantageous for specific patients with suspected pleural infection who have cavitary lesions or a RAPID score\u22655.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/pp-2023-0044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T06:04:54Z","timestamp":1709186694000},"page":"55-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic and prognostic implications of bacteremia in patients with complicated pleural infection"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chang Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Eun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Guen","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Kwang","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongmin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Ha","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyewon","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Soo","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin Yup","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Ick","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Yong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaehee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , 65672 Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corcoran, JP, Wrightson, JM, Belcher, E, DeCamp, MM, Feller-Kopman, D, Rahman, NM. Pleural infection: past, present, and future directions. Lancet Respir Med 2015;3:563\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-2600(15)00185-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00185-X"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maskell, NA, Davies, CW, Nunn, AJ, Hedley, EL, Gleeson, FV, Miller, R, et al.. U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection. N Engl J Med 2005;352:865\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa042473.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042473"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, NM, Maskell, NA, West, A, Teoh, R, Arnold, A, Mackinlay, C, et al.. Intrapleural use of tissue plasminogen activator and DNase in pleural infection. N Engl J Med 2011;365:518\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa1012740.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012740"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisboa, T, Waterer, GW, Lee, YC. Pleural infection: changing bacteriology and its implications. Respirology 2011;16:598\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.01964.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.01964.x"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, HD, White, BA, Song, J, Fader, R, Quiroga, P, Arroliga, AC. Pleural infections: a 9-year review of bacteriology, case characteristics and mortality. Am J Med Sci 2013;345:349\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/maj.0b013e318259bd24.","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e318259bd24"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, I, Eid, SM, Gillaspie, EA, Broderick, S, Shafiq, M. Epidemiologic trends in pleural infection. A nationwide analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18:452\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/annalsats.202001-075oc.","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202001-075OC"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, CK, Oh, HJ, Choi, HY, Shin, HJ, Lim, JH, Oh, IJ, et al.. Microbiological characteristics and predictive factors for mortality in pleural infection: a single-center cohort study in Korea. PLoS One 2016;11:e0161280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0161280.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161280"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindstrom, ST, Kolbe, J. Community acquired parapneumonic thoracic empyema: predictors of outcome. Respirology 1999;4:173\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1843.1999.00170.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.1999.00170.x"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobbio, A, Bouam, S, Frenkiel, J, Zarca, K, Fournel, L, Canny, E, et al.. Epidemiology and prognostic factors of pleural empyema. Thorax 2021;76:1117\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215267.","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215267"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, J, Meyer, CN, Rosenlund, S. Outcome and clinical characteristics in pleural empyema: a retrospective study. Scand J Infect Dis 2011;43:430\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365548.2011.562527.","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2011.562527"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menzies, SM, Rahman, NM, Wrightson, JM, Davies, HE, Shorten, R, Gillespie, SH, et al.. Blood culture bottle culture of pleural fluid in pleural infection. Thorax 2011;66:658\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.2010.157842.","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.157842"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J, Park, JS, Cho, YJ, Yoon, HI, Lee, JH, Lee, CT, et al.. Predictors of prolonged stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and complicated parapneumonic effusion. Respirology 2016;21:164\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/resp.12658.","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12658"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maskell, NA, Batt, S, Hedley, EL, Davies, CW, Gillespie, SH, Davies, RJ. The bacteriology of pleural infection by genetic and standard methods and its mortality significance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:817\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200601-074oc.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200601-074OC"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, M, Cargill, T, Harriss, E, Asciak, R, Mercer, RM, Bedawi, EO, et al.. The microbiology of pleural infection in adults: a systematic review. Eur Respir J 2019;54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00542-2019.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00542-2019"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D, Yang, D, Makam, AN. Utility of blood cultures in pneumonia. Am J Med 2019;132:1233\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.03.025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.03.025"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, SG, Marrie, TJ, Anstey, R, Ackroyd-Stolarz, S, Dickinson, G. Utility of blood cultures in the management of adults with community acquired pneumonia discharged from the emergency department. Emerg Med J 2003;20:521\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/emj.20.6.521.","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.20.6.521"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalasani, NP, Valdecanas, MAL, Gopal, AK, Mcgowan, JE, Jurado, RL. Clinical utility of blood cultures in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia without defined underlying risks. Chest 1995;108:932\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.108.4.932.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.4.932"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandell, LA, Wunderink, RG, Anzueto, A, Bartlett, JG, Campbell, GD, Dean, NC, et al.. Infectious Diseases Society of America\/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44 (2 Suppl):S27\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/511159.","DOI":"10.1086\/511159"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, HE, Davies, RJ, Davies, CW. Group BTSPDG: management of pleural infection in adults: British thoracic society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax 2010;65 (2 Suppl):ii41\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.2010.137000.","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.137000"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleischmann, C, Scherag, A, Adhikari, NK, Hartog, CS, Tsaganos, T, Schlattmann, P, et al.. International forum of acute care T: assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis. Current estimates and limitations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;193:259\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201504-0781oc.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0781OC"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer, M, Deutschman, CS, Seymour, CW, Shankar-Hari, M, Annane, D, Bauer, M, et al.. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016;315:801\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.0287.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Light, RW. A new classification of parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Chest 1995;108:299\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.108.2.299.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.2.299"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magiorakos, AP, Srinivasan, A, Carey, RB, Carmeli, Y, Falagas, ME, Giske, CG, et al.. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:268\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, NM, Kahan, BC, Miller, RF, Gleeson, FV, Nunn, AJ, Maskell, NA. A clinical score (RAPID) to identify those at risk for poor outcome at presentation in patients with pleural infection. Chest 2014;145:848\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.13-1558.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1558"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, YT, Chen, TL, Siu, LK, Hsu, SF, Fung, CP. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-acquired thoracic empyema or complicated parapneumonic effusion caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;29:1003\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-010-0961-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-0961-8"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, HY, Cho, JS, Kim, YD, Hoseok, I, Song, S, Eom, JS, et al.. Factors affecting postoperative lung expansion in patients with pyogenic empyema. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018;66:697\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1635085.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1635085"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaro, R, Liapikou, A, Cilloniz, C, Gabarrus, A, Marco, F, Sellares, J, et al.. Predictive and prognostic factors in patients with blood-culture-positive community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2016;48:797\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00039-2016.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00039-2016"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliopoulou, M, Skouras, V, Psaroudaki, Z, Makarona, M, Vogiatzakis, E, Tsorlini, E, et al.. Bacteriology, antibiotic resistance and risk stratification of patients with culture-positive, community-acquired pleural infection. J Thorac Dis 2021;13:521\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/jtd-20-2786.","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-2786"},{"key":"2025120909242982381_j_pp-2023-0044_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellut, H, Porcher, R, Varon, E, Asfar, P, Le Tulzo, Y, Megarbane, B, et al.. Comparison of prognostic factors between bacteraemic and non-bacteraemic critically ill immunocompetent patients in community-acquired severe pneumococcal pneumonia: a STREPTOGENE sub-study. Ann Intensive Care 2021;11:148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00936-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00936-z"}],"container-title":["Pleura and Peritoneum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/pp-2023-0044\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/pp-2023-0044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T11:02:11Z","timestamp":1765278131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/pp-2023-0044\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/pp-2023-0044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/pp-2023-0044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-7671","2364-768X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2364-7671","type":"print"},{"value":"2364-768X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}}}