{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T10:23:12Z","timestamp":1780741392133,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The current study examines thin film flow and heat transfer phenomena with some additional effects such as magnetohydrodynamic, viscous dissipation, and slip condition over unsteady radially stretching surfaces for various shapes of copper <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_rams-2022-0320_eq_001.png\"\/>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                           <m:mo>(<\/m:mo>\n                           <m:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Cu<\/m:mi>\n                           <m:mo>)<\/m:mo>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:tex-math>\\left({\\rm{Cu}})<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <\/jats:alternatives>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_rams-2022-0320_eq_002.png\"\/>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                           <m:mo>(<\/m:mo>\n                           <m:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">EG<\/m:mi>\n                           <m:mo>)<\/m:mo>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:tex-math>\\left({\\rm{EG}})<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <\/jats:alternatives>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>. The effective thermal conductivity of a nanofluid made of Cu nanometer-sized particles distributed in <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_rams-2022-0320_eq_003.png\"\/>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                           <m:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">EG<\/m:mi>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:tex-math>{\\rm{EG}}<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <\/jats:alternatives>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> is significantly higher than that of pure EG. Partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using the proper transformations. An effective convergent technique (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>, BVP4C) is used to compute the solutions of nonlinear systems. MATLAB software is used to perform the calculations. The effect of numerous emerging physical characteristics on temperature and velocity, such as unsteadiness parameter<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_rams-2022-0320_eq_004.png\"\/>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                           <m:mspace width=\" 1em\"\/>\n                           <m:mo>(<\/m:mo>\n                           <m:mi>S<\/m:mi>\n                           <m:mo>)<\/m:mo>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:tex-math>\\hspace{ 1em}\\left(S)<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <\/jats:alternatives>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, slip parameter <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_rams-2022-0320_eq_005.png\"\/>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                           <m:mo>(<\/m:mo>\n                           <m:mi>K<\/m:mi>\n                           <m:mo>)<\/m:mo>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:tex-math>\\left(K)<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <\/jats:alternatives>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, Hartmann number <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_rams-2022-0320_eq_006.png\"\/>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                           <m:mo>(<\/m:mo>\n                           <m:mi>M<\/m:mi>\n                           <m:mo>)<\/m:mo>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:tex-math>\\left(M)<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <\/jats:alternatives>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, solid volume fraction <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_rams-2022-0320_eq_007.png\"\/>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                           <m:mrow>\n                              <m:mrow>\n                                 <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/m:mo>\n                                 <m:mrow>\n                                    <m:mi>\u03d5<\/m:mi>\n                                 <\/m:mrow>\n                                 <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/m:mo>\n                              <\/m:mrow>\n                           <\/m:mrow>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:tex-math>(\\phi )<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <\/jats:alternatives>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, and Eckert number <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_rams-2022-0320_eq_008.png\"\/>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                           <m:mo>(<\/m:mo>\n                           <m:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">EC<\/m:mi>\n                           <m:mo>)<\/m:mo>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:tex-math>\\left({\\rm{EC}})<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <\/jats:alternatives>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> is investigated and illustrated graphically. The physical quantities, such as the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number, are calculated, described, and displayed in tabular form. It is observed that blade-shaped Cu nanoparticles had the lowest surface drag, highest heat transfer rate, and minimum film thickness compared to the brick and cylinder-shaped nanoparticles. According to our detailed investigation blade-shaped <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_rams-2022-0320_eq_009.png\"\/>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                           <m:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Cu<\/m:mi>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:tex-math>{\\rm{Cu}}<\/jats:tex-math>\n                     <\/jats:alternatives>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> nanoparticle is the most suited solution for manufacturing unsteady radially stretching modules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/rams-2022-0320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T07:31:08Z","timestamp":1686295868000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A numerical study on thin film flow and heat transfer enhancement for copper nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Umer","family":"Hayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology , Taxila , 47050 , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramzan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of General Education, University of Doha for Science and Technology , Doha , Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakil","family":"Shaiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, The Sahara University , Narowal , 51600 , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azeem","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology , Taxila , 47050 , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023090111412742014_j_rams-2022-0320_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakiadis, B. 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