{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:39:20Z","timestamp":1782322760969,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]],"date-time":"2016-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455580800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Medical physics is a health profession where principles of applied physics are mostly directed towards the application of ionizing radiation in medicine. The key role of the medical physics expert in safe and effective use of ionizing radiation in medicine was widely recognized in recent European reference documents like the European Union Council Directive 2013\/59\/EURATOM (2014), and European Commission Radiation Protection No. 174, European Guidelines on Medical Physics Expert (2014). Also the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been outspoken in supporting and fostering the status of medical physics in radiation medicine through multiple initiatives as technical and cooperation projects and important documents like IAEA Human Health Series No. 25, Roles and Responsibilities, and Education and Training Requirements for Clinically Qualified Medical Physicists (2013) and the International Basic Safety Standards, General Safety Requirements Part 3 (2014). The significance of these documents and the recognition of the present insufficient fulfilment of the requirements and recommendations in many European countries have led the IAEA to organize in 2015 the Regional Meeting on Medical Physics in Europe, where major issues in medical physics in Europe were discussed. Most important outcomes of the meeting were the recommendations addressed to European member states and the survey on medical physics status in Europe conducted by the IAEA and European Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Published recommendations of IAEA Regional Meeting on Medical Physics in Europe shall be followed and enforced in all European states. Appropriate qualification framework including education, clinical specialization, certification and registration of medical physicists shall be established and international recommendation regarding staffing levels in the field of medical physics shall be fulfilled in particular. European states have clear legal and moral responsibility to effectively transpose Basic Safety Standards into national legislation in order to ensure high quality and safety in patient healthcare.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/raon-2016-0004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T08:07:35Z","timestamp":1524211655000},"page":"64-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Medical physics in Europe following recommendations of the International Atomic Energy Agency"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Bozidar","family":"Casar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria do Carmo","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Institute of Oncology Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Advan","family":"Drljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Centre Sarajevo , Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Gershkevitsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Estonia Medical Centre , Tallinn , Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csilla","family":"Pesznyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BME, Institute of Nuclear Techniques , Budapest , Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_001_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podgorsak EB. Radiation Physics for Medical Physicists (Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00875-7"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_002_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1b2Aa","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency. Lessons learned from accidental exposures in radiotherapy. Safety Reports Series No. 17. Vienna: IAEA; 2000."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_003_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1b3Aa","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection CRP, 2000. Prevention of accidental exposures to patients undergoing radiation therapy. ICRP Publication 86. Ann ICRP 2000."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_004_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1b4Aa","unstructured":"Ortiz L\u00f3pez P, Cosset JM, Dunscombe P, Holmberg O, Rosenwald JC, Pinillos Ashton L, et al. Prevention of accidental exposures to patients undergoing radiation therapy. International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 112. Ann ICRP 2009; 39: 1-86."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_005_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1b5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmberg O. Accident prevention in radiotherapy. Biomed Imaging Interv J 2007; 3(2): e27.","DOI":"10.2349\/biij.3.2.e27"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_006_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams MV. Radiotherapy near misses, incidents and errors: radiotherapy incident at Glasgow. Clin Oncol 2007; 19: 1-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2006.12.004"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_007_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boadu M, Rehani MM. Unintended exposure in radiotherapy: identification of prominent causes. Radiother Oncol 2009; 93: 609-17.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2009.08.044"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_008_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1b8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derreumaux S, Etard C, Huet C, Trompier F, Clairand I, Bottollier-Depois JF, et al. Lessons from recent accidents in radiation therapy in France. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2008; 131: 130-5.","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncn235"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_009_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1b9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb S. The contribution, history, impact and future physics in medicine. Acta Oncol 2009; 48: 169-77.","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860802244158"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_010_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keevil SF. Physics and medicine: a historical perspective. Lancet 2012; 379: 1517-24.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60282-1"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_011_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeraj R. Future of physics in medicine and biology. Acta Oncol 2009; 48: 178-84.","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860802558938"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_012_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c12Aa","unstructured":"Izewska J. Summary of the IAEA \u201cRegional Meeting on Medical Physics in Europe: Current Status and Future Perspectives\u201d. Med Phys Internat J 2015; 3: 33-4."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_013_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c13Aa","unstructured":"IAEA. Recommendation of the Regional Meeting on Medical Physics in Europe: Current Status and Future Perspectives. 7-8 May 2015, IAEA, Vienna, Austria. [Citated 15 Sept 2015)]. Available at: https:\/\/rpop.iaea. org\/RPOP\/RPoP\/Content\/Documents\/Whitepapers\/Recommendations_ RER6031_7-8May2015.pdfhttps:\/\/rpop.iaea.org\/RPOP\/RPoP\/Content\/ Documents\/Whitepapers\/Recommendations_RER6031_7-8May2015.pdf"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_014_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c14Aa","unstructured":"Council of the European Union. (2013). Council Directive 2013\/59\/Euratom laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation, and repealing Directives 89\/618\/Euratom, 90\/641\/Euratom, 96\/29\/Euratom, 97\/43\/Euratom and 2003\/122\/Euratom. Official Journal L-13 of 17.01.2014."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_015_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c15Aa","unstructured":"European Commission. European Guidelines on Medical Physics Experts. Radiation Protection No 174; 2014."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_016_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c16Aa","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, General Safety Requirements Part 3. Wienna: IAEA; 2014."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_017_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c17Aa","unstructured":"IAEA. Roles and Responsibilities and Education and Training Requirements for Clinically Qualified Medical Physicsts. IAEA Human Health Series No. 25. Vienna: IAEA; 2013."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_018_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c18Aa","unstructured":"Damilakis J, Do Carmo Lopes M. Overview of medical physics status and future prospects: results of survey in Europe. In: Regional meeting on Medical Physics in Europe: Current Status and Future Perspectives\u201d. Wienna, 7th\u20138th May 2015. Wienna: IAEA; 2015."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_019_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c19Aa","unstructured":"IAEA , WHO. Bonn call-for action. Joint position statement by the IAEA, WHO. [Citated 16 Sept 2015)]. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/ionizing_radiation\/medical_exposure\/Bonn_call_action.pdf"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_020_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c20Aa","unstructured":"International Standard Classification of Occupations. ISCO 08, Vol I. Geneva: International Labour Organization; 2012."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_021_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c21Aa","unstructured":"Smith PHS, Nusslin F. Benefits to medical physics from the recent inclusion of medical physicists in the international classification of standard occupations. ISCO 08. Med Phys Internat J 2014; 1: 10-14."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_022_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c22Aa","unstructured":"Council of the European Union. Council Directive 97\/43\/Euratom of 30 June 1997 on health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionizing radiation in relation to medical exposure, and repealing Directive 84\/466\/EURATOM. Official Journal L-180 of 09. 07. 1997."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_023_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c23Aa","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union. Recommendation 2008\/C 111\/01 on the establishment of the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning. Official Journal of the European Union 6. 5. 2008."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_024_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c24Aa","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency. Clinical training of medical physicists specializing in radiation oncology. Training Course Series 37. Vienna: IAEA; 2010."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_025_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c25Aa","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency. Clinical Training of Medical Physicists Specializing in Diagnostic Radiology. Training Course Series 47. Vienna: IAEA; 2010."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_026_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c26Aa","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency. Clinical Training of Medical Physicists Specializing in Nuclear Medicine. Training Course Series 50. Vienna: IAEA; 2010."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_027_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c27Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eudaldo T, Olsen K. European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics policy statement no.12: The present status of medical physics education and training in Europe. New perspectives and EFOMP recommendations. Phys Med 2010; 26: 1-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2009.02.005"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_028_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c28Aa","unstructured":"EUTEMPE.RX, European training and education for medical physics experts in radiology. [Citated 18 Sept 2015)]. Available at: http:\/\/www.eutempe-rx. eu\/"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_029_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c29Aa","unstructured":"European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics. Policy statement no. 7: criteria for staffing levels in a medical physics department. Phys Med 1997; 13: 187-94."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_030_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c30Aa","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency. Setting up a radiotherapy programme: clinical, medical physics, radiation protection and safety aspects. Vienna: IAEA; 2008."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_031_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c31Aa","unstructured":"Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. Recommendations for the Provision of a Physics Service to Radiotherapy. IPEM 2009; York, UK."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_032_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c32Aa","unstructured":"SSRMP. Medical physicist staffing for nuclear medicine and dose-intensive X-ray procedures. Schweizerische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Strahlenbiologie und Medizinische Physik. Report No. 20. 2009."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_033_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c33Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein EE. A grid to facilitate physics staffing justification. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2010; 11: 263-73.","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v11i1.2987"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_034_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c34Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battista JJ, Clark BG, Patterson MS, Beaulieu L, Sharpe MB, Schreiner LJ, et al. Medical physics staffing for radiation oncology: a decade of experience in Ontario, Canada. Can J Appl Clin Med Phys 2012; 13: 93-110.","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v13i1.3704"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_035_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c35Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lievens Y, Defourny N, Coffey M, Borras JM, Dunscombe P, Slotman B, et al. Radiotherapy staffing in the European countries: final results from the ESTRO-HERO survey. Radioth Oncol 2014; 112: 178-86.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2014.08.034"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_036_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c36Aa","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency. Staffing in radiotherapy: an activity based approach IAEA. Human Health Reports No. 13; Vienna: IAEA; 2015. [Citated 19 Sept 2015]. Available at: http:\/\/www-pub.iaea.org\/books\/IAEABooks\/10800\/Staffing-in-Radiotherapy-An-Activity-Based-Approach"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_037_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c37Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christofides S, European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics. The European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics policy statement No. 13: recommended guidelines on the development of safety and quality management systems for medical physics departments. Physica Medica 2009, 25: 161-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2008.11.002"},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_038_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c38Aa","unstructured":"European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics. Policy statement Nr. 5. Departments of medical physics - advantages, oganisation and management Phys Med 1995; 11: 126-8."},{"key":"2021040800081856925_j_raon-2016-0004_ref_039_w2aab3b7c50b1b6b1ab2b1c39Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christofides S, Sharp P. The European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics Policy Statement no. 15: recommended guidelines on the role of the medical physicist within the hospital governance board. Phys Med 2015; 31: 201-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2015.02.001"}],"container-title":["Radiology and Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/raon.2016.50.issue-1\/raon-2016-0004\/raon-2016-0004.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sciendo.com\/article\/10.1515\/raon-2016-0004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T05:39:44Z","timestamp":1617860384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sciendo.com\/article\/10.1515\/raon-2016-0004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/raon-2016-0004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/raon-2016-0004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1581-3207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1581-3207","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]}}}