{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:18:13Z","timestamp":1780323493125,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toxics use reduction (TUR) is one part of a comprehensive cancer prevention strategy. TUR emphasizes reducing the use of cancer-causing chemicals by improving manufacturing processes and identifying and adopting safer alternatives. This analysis draws on 20 years of data collected from industries reporting to the Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) program to assess trends in the use and release of chemicals associated with cancer. We used a master list of known and suspected carcinogens developed from authoritative sources and a list of carcinogens grouped by their association with 11 cancer sites to analyze trends in use and release of chemicals by industrial facilities reporting to the TURA program from 1990 to 2010. The trend analysis shows that reported use and releases of carcinogens by these Massachusetts companies have decreased dramatically over time. Reported use declined 32% from 1990 to 2010, and reported releases declined 93% from 1991 to 2010 (1991 is when additional industrial sectors, including electric utilities, were phased into the program). Particularly large reductions were achieved in the use of trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene and cadmium and cadmium compounds. The analysis of groups of chemicals associated with specific cancer sites shows similar trends. Important opportunities for further reductions in many carcinogens, including formaldehyde, hexavalent chromium, and a variety of halogenated compounds are identified. Continued work to minimize the use of carcinogens can help to reduce the burden of cancer in Massachusetts and elsewhere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2014-0048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T08:29:57Z","timestamp":1416904197000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Reducing the use of carcinogens: the Massachusetts experience"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Molly M.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel I.","family":"Massey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Tenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Harriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref651","article-title":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Department of Environmental Protection use reduction information release Available at http www mass gov eea agencies massdep toxics reports tura data and results html","author":"Toxics","year":"2000","journal-title":"Affairs"},{"key":"ref361","first-page":"08","article-title":"President Panel Reducing environmental cancer risk What we can do now Available at http deainfo nci nih gov advisory pcp annualReports pcp rpt PCP Report pdf","author":"April","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref491","article-title":"Use Reduction Institute Massachusetts chemical fact sheet formaldehyde Available athttp www turi org TURI Publications TURI Chemical Fact Sheets Formaldehyde Fact Sheet Formaldehyde Fact Sheet","author":"Toxics"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2011.11.014","article-title":"Environmental exposures prostate cancer","volume":"30","author":"Mullins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"308","article-title":"The causes of cancer : quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today","author":"Doll","year":"1981","journal-title":"Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"11","article-title":"Primary prevention of cancer through mitigation of environmental and occupational determinants International Conference on Environmental and Occupational Determinants of Cancer : Interventions for Primary Prevention Austurias Available at : http www who","author":"Spain","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref601","first-page":"000","article-title":"Center for Sustainable Production Environmental and occupational causes of cancer a review of recent scientific literature September Available at http www sustainableproduction org downloads pdf","author":"Lowell","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref411","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Massachusetts Department of Massachusetts Comprehensive Control Plan Available at http macompcancer org storage downloads state plan Final MA Cancer State Plan PDF optimized pdf","volume":"20","journal-title":"Public Health Cancer Prevention"},{"key":"ref531","article-title":"California Environmental Protection Agency Priority product profile paint strippers containing methylene chloride Available at http media mofo com files Uploads Images Profile Paint Stripper 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Available at http macompcancer org storage downloads state plan Final MA Cancer State Plan PDF optimized pdf","volume":"20","journal-title":"Public Health Cancer Prevention"},{"key":"ref571","first-page":"126","article-title":"Part National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories National Emission Standards for Halogenated Solvent Cleaning Available at : http www ecfr gov cgi bin text idx SID eb abafd dfec af node pt rgn div","volume":"4","author":"Subpart"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2011.11.014","article-title":"Environmental exposures prostate cancer","volume":"30","author":"Mullins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"1","article-title":"Environmental Protection Agency Toxics release inventory basis of OSHA carcinogens Available at http www epa gov tri trichemicals OSHA carcinog pdf","author":"June","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref541","article-title":"Toxics Use Reduction Institute Policy analysis - higher hazard substance designation recommendation : methylene chloride or dichloromethane Available at http www mass gov eea docs eea ota tur prog policy analysis methylene chloride may pdf","volume":"09","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"109","article-title":"Rudel Chemicals causing mammary gland tumors in animals signal new directions for epidemiology chemicals testing and risk assessment for breast cancer prevention","volume":"12","author":"Attfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref241","first-page":"126","article-title":"Part National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories National Emission Standards for Halogenated Solvent Cleaning Available at : http www ecfr gov cgi bin text idx SID eb abafd dfec af node pt rgn div","volume":"4","author":"Subpart"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"144","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer the next generation","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1","article-title":"International Agency for Research on Cancer Agents classified by the IARC monographs Volumes Available at http monographs iarc fr ENG Classification index php"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"144","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer the next generation","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref01","article-title":"facts figures Available at http www cancer org research cancerfactsstatistics cancerfactsfigures index","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Cancer Society Cancer"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-004-4323-7","article-title":"biological approach to characterizing exposure to metalworking fluids and risk of prostate cancer ( United States","volume":"16","author":"Agalliu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref161","article-title":"Use Reduction Institute Massachusetts chemical fact sheet formaldehyde Available athttp www turi org TURI Publications TURI Chemical Fact Sheets Formaldehyde Fact Sheet Formaldehyde Fact Sheet","author":"Toxics"},{"key":"ref191","first-page":"1012","article-title":"Toxics Use Reduction Institute Policy analysis - recommendation to separate hexavalent chromium compounds from the chromium compounds category category and recommendation to designate hexavalent chromium compounds as a higher hazard substance Available","author":"MassDEP","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref561","first-page":"25211","article-title":"Methylene Chloride Final Rule Available at https federalregister gov a","volume":"29","year":"1910"},{"key":"ref511","article-title":"Use Reduction Institute Massachusetts chemical fact sheet hexavalent chromium compounds Available at http www turi org TURI Publications TURI Chemical Fact Sheets Hexavalent Chromium Fact 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Directive EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment and subsequent updates Available at : http eur lex europa eu legal content EN TXT PDF uri from en","volume":"37","author":"Council","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"103","article-title":"Preventable exposures associated with human cancers","author":"Cogliano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref521","first-page":"1012","article-title":"Toxics Use Reduction Institute Policy analysis - recommendation to separate hexavalent chromium compounds from the chromium compounds category category and recommendation to designate hexavalent chromium compounds as a higher hazard substance Available","author":"MassDEP","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"1","article-title":"Environmental Protection Agency Toxics release inventory basis of OSHA carcinogens Available at http www epa gov tri trichemicals OSHA carcinog 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Publications TURI Chemical Fact Sheets Hexavalent Chromium Fact Sheet","author":"Toxics","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref221","first-page":"477","article-title":"Feasibility and cost comparison of perchloroethylene dry cleaning to professional wet cleaning : case study of Silver Hanger Cleaners Massachusetts Cleaner","author":"Onasch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prod"},{"key":"ref331","article-title":"facts figures Available at http www cancer org research cancerfactsstatistics cancerfactsfigures index","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Cancer Society Cancer"},{"key":"ref611","first-page":"106","article-title":"Zahm SH Pesticides childhood cancer","author":"Ward","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"ref501","article-title":"Use Reduction Institute Five chemicals alternatives assessment study Available athttp www turi org TURI Publications TURI Methods Policy Reports Five Chemicals Alternatives Assessment Study Full Report","author":"Toxics","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref551","first-page":"477","article-title":"Feasibility and cost comparison of perchloroethylene dry cleaning to professional wet cleaning : case study of Silver Hanger Cleaners Massachusetts Cleaner","author":"Onasch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prod"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"308","article-title":"The causes of cancer : quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today","author":"Doll","year":"1981","journal-title":"Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref271","first-page":"000","article-title":"Center for Sustainable Production Environmental and occupational causes of cancer a review of recent scientific literature September Available at http www sustainableproduction org downloads pdf","author":"Lowell","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"112","article-title":"Listing occupational carcinogens","author":"Siemiatycki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ 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animals signal new directions for epidemiology chemicals testing and risk assessment for breast cancer prevention","volume":"12","author":"Attfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref371","first-page":"1","article-title":"International Agency for Research on Cancer Agents classified by the IARC monographs Volumes Available at http monographs iarc fr ENG Classification index php"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"08","article-title":"President Panel Reducing environmental cancer risk What we can do now Available at http deainfo nci nih gov advisory pcp annualReports pcp rpt PCP Report pdf","author":"April","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref231","first-page":"25211","article-title":"Methylene Chloride Final Rule Available at https federalregister gov a","volume":"29","year":"1910"}],"container-title":["Reviews on Environmental 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