{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:25:41Z","timestamp":1792794341450,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper reviews and reflects on the cholera outbreak that rocked Harare, Zimbabwe, in 2008\/2009. We give special attention to the root causes, impacts and debates made by key stakeholders, indicating the political and geographical responses. Based on a desktop study and documentary review, the paper highlights the inadequacy of safe and clean water in most of the suburbs, the collapse of the waste management, water supply and sanitation systems of the city as the major explanations for the scourge. Despite this, Harare remains troubled with the shortage of purification chemicals, making it quite impossible to supply clean and adequate water. The national economic crisis also had a strong bearing against the performance of the public health sector. The paper concludes that sustainable urban health initiatives involving both central and local government will provide a long-term solution to the problems highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2014-0075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,20]],"date-time":"2015-05-20T17:06:35Z","timestamp":1432141595000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The 2008\/2009 cholera outbreak in Harare, Zimbabwe: case of failure in urban environmental health and planning"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Innocent","family":"Chirisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Nyamadzawo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmond","family":"Bandauko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyasha","family":"Mutsindikwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref101","first-page":"2015","article-title":"AR Communicable Disease Control Encyclopedia of Encyclopedia com Available at http www encyclopedia com accessed on","volume":"25","author":"Hinman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref581","article-title":"Global task force on cholera control cholera country profile Zimbabwe WHO","author":"Harare","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref251","article-title":"reader in planning theory Pergamon","author":"Faludi","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref311","first-page":"3408","article-title":"San Beyond cholera Zimbabwe worsening crisis Available at http www doctorswithoutborders org publications article cfm id andcat special report","author":"Medecins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Frontiers"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"18","article-title":"Coping with cholera the importance of coordinated planning","author":"Pearson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Africa Health"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"and United Nations Environment Programme and environment tools for effective decision - making The WHO and Environment Linkages Initiative Secretariat","author":"UNEP","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Health Organization Health Health World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref231","first-page":"213","article-title":"The urban penalty and the population history of England In Brandstrom Tedebrand editors and population during the demographic transition Stockholm","author":"Kearns","year":"1988","journal-title":"Society health International"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1086\/604707","article-title":"When is housing an environmental problem ? Reforming informality in Kathmand","author":"Rademacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Anthropol"},{"key":"ref461","article-title":"The requirements of a good housing ordinance National Association of Home Builders","author":"Johnson","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"United Nations Environment Programme pollution and impacts on public implications of the Dandora municipal dumping site in Nairobi Nairobi United Nations Environment Programme","author":"Kenya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental health"},{"key":"ref111","article-title":"the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Public health guide for emergencies Available at http www jhsph edu research centers and institutes center for refugee and disaster response publications tools publications CRDR ICRC Public Health","author":"John Hopkins","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref371","article-title":"Descriptive Spatial Analysis of the Cholera Epidemic in Presentation made in the Department of Harvard School of Public","volume":"14","author":"Fenandez MA","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology Health USA"},{"key":"ref221","article-title":"for and wellbeing in the changing urban environment : a systems snalysis approach Paris International for","author":"Council","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Science Health Science"},{"key":"ref241","article-title":"World The Report","author":"Geneva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Organization World Health World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref701","article-title":"Assessing regulatory framework bottlenecks for low - 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cost housing in Zimbabwe UN - HABITAT and the Government of Zimbabwe","author":"Chaeruka","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref341","article-title":"World Conference on Social Determinants of Health Inter - sectoral actions in response to cholera in Zimbabwe : from emergency response to institution building Available at : www who int social determinants","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref691","first-page":"3408","article-title":"San Beyond cholera Zimbabwe worsening crisis Available at http www doctorswithoutborders org publications article cfm id andcat special report","author":"Medecins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Frontiers"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"1972","article-title":"United Nations Programme Chapter State of the environment and policy retrospective In Global environmental outlook Nairobi United Nations Environment Programme","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environment"},{"key":"ref571","first-page":"2000","article-title":"Global Literacy Project The South Africa Cholera Crisis of Global Literacy Project Inc Classroom Activities Case Study Available at http glpinc org Web pages Classroom Activities htm Accessed on","volume":"20","author":"April","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref261","article-title":"Zimbabwe cholera outbreaks coordinated health preparedness and response operational plan","author":"WASH","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref481","first-page":"2015","article-title":"AR Communicable Disease Control Encyclopedia of Encyclopedia com Available at http www encyclopedia com accessed on","volume":"25","author":"Hinman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1711.111109","article-title":"JG Cholera Modern Pandemic Disease of Ancient Lineage Available at www cdc gov eid","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"18","article-title":"Coping with cholera the importance of coordinated planning","author":"Pearson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Africa Health"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"psychology Qual Res"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"236","article-title":"Human risk due to communicable diseases in a macro level study","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Med"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"The City Alliance Liveable cities the benefits of urban environmental planning : a Cities Alliance Study on good practices and useful tools The Alliance","author":"Washington","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref501","article-title":"The Ship Captain s Medical Guide Communicable diseases wither Publishing Group UK","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref121","article-title":"The Ship Captain s Medical Guide Communicable diseases wither Publishing Group UK","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref131","article-title":"United Urbanisation housing and local governance crisis in Zimbabwe New York United","author":"Nations","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref671","article-title":"Descriptive spatial analysis of the cholera epidemic in Harare Presentation at the Department of Harvard School of Public Available at http scholar harvard edu files malf files gis malf pdf accessed on","volume":"14","author":"Fernandez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology Health USA"},{"key":"ref191","first-page":"2000","article-title":"Global Literacy Project The South Africa Cholera Crisis of Global Literacy Project Inc Classroom Activities Case Study Available at http glpinc org Web pages Classroom Activities htm Accessed on","volume":"20","author":"April","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref531","first-page":"221","article-title":"albopictus in the United States : current status and prospects for further spread Control","volume":"15","author":"Moore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Assoc"},{"key":"ref651","article-title":"United Nations The Millennium Goals fact sheet Available at http www un org millenniumgoals aids shtml","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref711","article-title":"International Organisation for Migration IOM Zimbabwe response to the cholera outbreak Available at www iom int jahia webdav shared zimbabwe cholera update","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref411","article-title":"and United Nations Environment Programme and environment tools for effective decision - making The WHO and Environment Linkages Initiative Secretariat","author":"UNEP","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Health Organization Health Health World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Poverty Environment Partnership Poverty and environment : placing environmental health on countries development agendas Joint Agency Paper Available athttp www unpei org sites default files publications Pov Health Env CRA pdf","year":"2008","journal-title":"health"},{"key":"ref611","first-page":"213","article-title":"The urban penalty and the population history of England In Brandstrom Tedebrand editors and population during the demographic transition Stockholm","author":"Kearns","year":"1988","journal-title":"Society health International"},{"key":"ref591","first-page":"1","article-title":"Policies to Enhance the Physical Urban Environment for Competitiveness New Partnership between Public and Private Sectors OECD Regional Development Working OECD Publishing OECD","author":"Shimomura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Papers"},{"key":"ref641","article-title":"Zimbabwe cholera outbreaks coordinated health preparedness and response operational plan","author":"WASH","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref141","article-title":"Communicable diseases reference guide for schools Indianapolis Indiana State Department of","author":"Larkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref431","article-title":"Poverty Environment Partnership Poverty and environment : placing environmental health on countries development agendas Joint Agency Paper Available athttp www unpei org sites default files publications Pov Health Env CRA pdf","year":"2008","journal-title":"health"},{"key":"ref331","article-title":"International Organisation for Migration IOM Zimbabwe response to the cholera outbreak Available at www iom int jahia webdav shared zimbabwe cholera update","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1711.111109","article-title":"JG Cholera Modern Pandemic Disease of Ancient Lineage Available at www cdc gov eid","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref741","article-title":"The water situation in Zimbabwe a policy and management problem Faculty of National University of","author":"Nhapi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"ref361","article-title":"The water situation in Zimbabwe a policy and management problem Faculty of National University of","author":"Nhapi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"ref511","article-title":"United Urbanisation housing and local governance crisis in Zimbabwe New York United","author":"Nations","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref201","article-title":"Global task force on cholera control cholera country profile Zimbabwe WHO","author":"Harare","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref491","article-title":"the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Public health guide for emergencies Available at http www jhsph edu research centers and institutes center for refugee and disaster response publications tools publications CRDR ICRC Public Health","author":"John Hopkins","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref621","article-title":"World The Report","author":"Geneva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Organization World Health World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref401","article-title":"The urban environment and health in a world of increasing globalization : issues for developing countries","volume":"26","author":"McMichael","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref441","article-title":"The City Alliance Liveable cities the benefits of urban environmental planning : a Cities Alliance Study on good practices and useful tools The Alliance","author":"Washington","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref631","article-title":"reader in planning theory Pergamon","author":"Faludi","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1086\/604707","article-title":"When is housing an environmental problem ? 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