{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:28:50Z","timestamp":1790371730402,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to air pollution can cause detrimental health and be an economic burden. With newly developed equipment, monitoring of different air pollutants, identifying the sources, types of air pollutants and their corresponding concentrations, and applying mitigation intervention techniques became a crucial step in public health protection. Countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) are highly exposed to dust storms, have high levels of particulate matter (PM) concentrations, and have a unique climatic as well as topographic and socio-economic structure. This is the first study conducted to systemically and qualitatively assess the health impacts of air pollution in the EMR, identify susceptible populations, and ascertain research and knowledge gaps in the literature to better inform decisions by policy makers. We screened relevant papers and reports published between 2000 and 2014 in research databases. A total of 36 published studies met the inclusion criteria. A variety of indoor and outdoor exposures associated with various acute and chronic respiratory health outcomes were included. Respiratory health outcomes ranged in severity, from allergies and general respiratory complaints to lung cancer and mortality. Several adverse health outcomes were positively associated with various indoor\/outdoor air pollutants throughout the EMR. However, epidemiological literature concerning the EMR is limited to a few studies in a few countries. More research is needed to elucidate the health outcomes of air pollution. Standardized reliable assessments on the national level for various air pollutants in different regions should be implemented and made publically available for researchers to utilize in their research. Moreover, advancing and utilizing more sound epidemiological designs and studies on the effect of air pollution on the respiratory health outcomes is needed to portray the actual situation in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2015-0076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]],"date-time":"2016-04-21T11:26:49Z","timestamp":1461238009000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Respiratory health outcomes and air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Nour","family":"Abdo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef S.","family":"Khader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Abdelrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Graboski-Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazen","family":"Malkawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munjed","family":"Al-Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad M.","family":"Elbetieha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref1301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370802464273","article-title":"Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East \u2013 Part 1: ambient sampling","volume":"21","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref1241","first-page":"221","article-title":"International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths RELEASE","author":"IARC","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref1411","first-page":"214","article-title":"Pulmonary function impairment and airway allergy among workers in traditional bakeries","volume":"26","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"ref1741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02872.x","article-title":"Hay fever, a post industrial revolution epidemic: a history of its growth during the 19th century","volume":"18","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Allergy"},{"key":"ref1591","first-page":"577","article-title":"Correlates of COPD and chronic bronchitis in non-smokers: data from a cross-sectional study","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"ref1261","year":"2006","journal-title":"Air quality and atmospheric pollution in the Arab region"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1039\/c2em10545d","article-title":"Airborne and allergenic fungal spores of the Karachi environment and their correlation with meteorological factors","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Environ Monit"},{"key":"ref1621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3512-5","article-title":"Effect of exposure to O3, NO2, and SO2 on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations in Tabriz, Iran","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"34","article-title":"Adverse effects of outdoor pollution in the elderly","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34867","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034867","article-title":"Human occupancy as a source of indoor airborne bacteria","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12020315","article-title":"Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)","volume":"12","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07597-9","article-title":"Asthma in exercising children exposed to ozone: a cohort study","volume":"359","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.5.2101039","article-title":"GOLD Scientific Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI\/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary","volume":"163","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref1771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.1.9710101","article-title":"Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in non-smokers","volume":"158","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905513Y.0000000104","article-title":"Effect of particulate air pollution and passive smoking on surrogate biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in healthy children","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-011-0263-5","article-title":"Environmental intervention for house dust mite control in childhood bronchial asthma","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"ref1011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.5.1229","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease and domestic wood burning","volume":"137","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref2211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi204","article-title":"Lung cancer and indoor pollution from heating and cooking with solid fuels: the IARC international multicentre case-control study in Eastern\/Central Europe and the United Kingdom","volume":"162","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref1391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-9-23","article-title":"Home exposure to Arabian incense (bakhour) and asthma symptoms in children: a community survey in two regions in Oman","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref2201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref1141","first-page":"46","article-title":"Chronic effects of air pollution on respiratory health in Southern California children: findings from the Southern California Children\u2019s Health Study","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"ref1091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318234e2d2","article-title":"Lung cancer risk attributable to occupational exposures in a multicenter case-control study in Central and Eastern Europe","volume":"53","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"ref2091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11403-6","article-title":"Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease","volume":"360","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref1271","journal-title":"Air quality in the Middle East and Indian Sub-continent"},{"key":"ref761","first-page":"157","article-title":"Regional variation in the prevalence of asthma symptoms among Omani school children: Comparisons from two nationwide cross-sectional surveys six years apart","volume":"8","year":"2008","journal-title":"SQU Med J"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050169","article-title":"The relationship between regular second-hand smoke exposure at home and indictors of lung function in healthy school boys in Khartoum","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107669","article-title":"The adverse effect of low levels of ambient air pollutants on lung function growth in preadolescent children","volume":"107","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref1631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.26719\/2014.20.5.309","article-title":"Air quality and seasonal variations in consultations for respiratory, allergic, dermatological and gastrointestinal diseases in Bahrain, 2007","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"ref691","first-page":"99","article-title":"Chronic respiratory disease associated with long-term ambient concentrations of sulfates and other air pollutants","volume":"3","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref1841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3894","article-title":"Longterm ambient ozone concentration and the incidence of asthma in nonsmoking adults: the AHSMOG Study","volume":"80","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref1681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.08.017","article-title":"Burden of disease attributed to anthropogenic air pollution in the United Arab Emirates: estimates based on observed air quality data","volume":"408","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref1431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104090","article-title":"Indoor air pollutants and health in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"120","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00426.x","article-title":"A relatively high prevalence and severity of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema in schoolchildren in the Sultanate of Oman","volume":"8","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref1541","first-page":"601","article-title":"Association of passive smoking with respiratory symptoms and clinical correlates, among married women, in a rural community in Islamabad","volume":"60","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref1941","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.3.204","article-title":"Health effects of passive smoking. Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case-control studies","volume":"53","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref1611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2529","article-title":"Chronic bronchitis in women using solid biomass fuel in rural Peshawar, Pakistan","volume":"132","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref1131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002255","article-title":"Particulate matter-induced health effects: who is susceptible?","volume":"119","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.26719\/2014.20.5.309","article-title":"Air quality and seasonal variations in consultations for respiratory, allergic, dermatological and gastrointestinal diseases in Bahrain, 2007","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"ref861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2006.02.004","article-title":"Asthma and COPD","volume":"57","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"ref1951","first-page":"379","article-title":"Low level atmospheric sulfur dioxide pollution and childhood asthma","volume":"65","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"ref141","article-title":"The cost of environmental degradation case studies from the Middle East and North Africa","journal-title":"The World Bank"},{"key":"ref1111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549455","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter air pollution and cardiopulmonary diseases","volume":"36","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref1751","first-page":"3","article-title":"State of the art: health effects of outdoor air pollution (parts 1 and 2)","volume":"153","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref941","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.021101057","article-title":"The health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuels in developing countries: knowledge, gaps, and data needs","volume":"110","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref681","first-page":"43","article-title":"Long-term ambient concentrations of total suspended particulates and oxidants as related to incidence of chronic disease in California seventh-day adventists","volume":"94","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00455.x","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on acute respiratory conditions","volume":"8","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref1071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi204","article-title":"Lung cancer and indoor pollution from heating and cooking with solid fuels: the IARC international multicentre case-control study in Eastern\/Central Europe and the United Kingdom","volume":"162","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181308.51440.75","article-title":"Childhood asthma and exposure to traffic and nitrogen dioxide","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Indoor smoke from solid fuels: assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00175109","article-title":"Clinical COPD phenotypes: a novel approach using principal components and cluster analysis","volume":"36","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref2081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.021101057","article-title":"The health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuels in developing countries: knowledge, gaps, and data needs","volume":"110","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-012-0626-7","article-title":"Short-term effect of dust storms on the risk of mortality due to respiratory, cardiovascular and all-causes in Kuwait","volume":"58","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s4573","article-title":"Epidemiologic evidence for asthma and exposure to air toxics: linkages between occupational, indoor, and community air pollution research","volume":"110","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref1061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.070","article-title":"Acute effects of black carbon and PM2.5 on children asthma admissions: a time-series study in a Chinese city","volume":"481","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref2131","volume-title":"Report of Air Pollutants Survey in Tehran","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.06.082","article-title":"Dust storms and the risk of asthma admissions to hospitals in Kuwait","volume":"433","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref611","first-page":"3","article-title":"State of the art: health effects of outdoor air pollution (parts 1 and 2)","volume":"153","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref1421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00455.x","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on acute respiratory conditions","volume":"8","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(12)70011-2","article-title":"Smoking habits in the Middle East and North Africa: results of the BREATHE study","volume":"106","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref2261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref1031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90465-1","article-title":"Occupational exposure to metal or wood dust and aetiology of crytogenic fibrosing alveolitis","volume":"347","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02872.x","article-title":"Hay fever, a post industrial revolution epidemic: a history of its growth during the 19th century","volume":"18","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Allergy"},{"key":"ref121","year":"2006","journal-title":"Air quality and atmospheric pollution in the Arab region"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120701372086","article-title":"Air pollution as a determinant of asthma among schoolchildren in Mohammedia, Morocco","volume":"17","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"ref1511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/09603\/202\/000000970","article-title":"Respiratory health effects of industrial air pollution on children in North Lebanon","volume":"12","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"ref2151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.5.1229","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease and domestic wood burning","volume":"137","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref2181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.2.344","article-title":"Bronchial stenosis due to anthracofibrosis","volume":"113","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref1931","first-page":"505","article-title":"Epidemiology of childhood asthma in Cairo","volume":"62","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med J Cairo Univ"},{"key":"ref1441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-13","article-title":"Extent of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and its dose-response relation to respiratory health among adults","volume":"6","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref1551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/19338241003730911","article-title":"Lung function and respiratory symptoms in male Palestinian farmers","volume":"65","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00021-11","article-title":"Application of a broad-range resequencing array for detection of pathogens in desert dust samples from Kuwait and Iraq","volume":"77","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref811","first-page":"379","article-title":"Low level atmospheric sulfur dioxide pollution and childhood asthma","volume":"65","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"ref381","first-page":"571","article-title":"Carbon monoxide and respiratory symptoms in young adult passive smokers: a pilot study comparing waterpipe to cigarette","volume":"27","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"ref451","first-page":"577","article-title":"Correlates of COPD and chronic bronchitis in non-smokers: data from a cross-sectional study","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"ref1901","first-page":"157","article-title":"Regional variation in the prevalence of asthma symptoms among Omani school children: Comparisons from two nationwide cross-sectional surveys six years apart","volume":"8","year":"2008","journal-title":"SQU Med J"},{"key":"ref1971","first-page":"253","article-title":"Evaluation of a possible association of urban air toxics and asthma","volume":"103","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref2051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60968-9","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"379","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref1601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0912","article-title":"Respiratory effects in children from passive smoking of cigarettes and narghile: ISAAC phase three in Syria","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref1981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.4.9905027","article-title":"Relationships of active and passive smoking to total IgE in adults of the Epidemiological Study of the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness, and Atopy (EGEA)","volume":"161","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg029","article-title":"Indoor air pollution: a global health concern","volume":"68","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901232","article-title":"Childhood incident asthma and traffic-related air pollution at home and school","volume":"118","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104090","article-title":"Indoor air pollutants and health in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"120","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref1191","volume-title":"Indoor smoke from solid fuels: assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref1201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-014-9333-7","article-title":"Particulate matter and bacteria characteristics of the Middle East Dust (MED) storms over Ahvaz, Iran","volume":"30","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref2111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001621","article-title":"Lung function and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after improved cooking fuels and kitchen ventilation: a 9-year prospective cohort study","volume":"11","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref791","first-page":"505","article-title":"Epidemiology of childhood asthma in Cairo","volume":"62","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med J Cairo Univ"},{"key":"ref1461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-4551-7-19","article-title":"Prevalence and triggers of allergic rhinitis in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"ref1181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg029","article-title":"Indoor air pollution: a global health concern","volume":"68","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"ref1921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12020315","article-title":"Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)","volume":"12","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2006.02.004","article-title":"Asthma and COPD","volume":"57","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-014-9333-7","article-title":"Particulate matter and bacteria characteristics of the Middle East Dust (MED) storms over Ahvaz, Iran","volume":"30","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref1991","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effects of smoking on asthma","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-9-23","article-title":"Home exposure to Arabian incense (bakhour) and asthma symptoms in children: a community survey in two regions in Oman","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/19338241003730911","article-title":"Lung function and respiratory symptoms in male Palestinian farmers","volume":"65","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"key":"ref2271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002255","article-title":"Particulate matter-induced health effects: who is susceptible?","volume":"119","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.4.9909096","article-title":"Association between air pollution and lung function growth in southern California children","volume":"162","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref1761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s4573","article-title":"Epidemiologic evidence for asthma and exposure to air toxics: linkages between occupational, indoor, and community air pollution research","volume":"110","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref851","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effects of smoking on asthma","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.1.49","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in an elderly nonsmoking population","volume":"115","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref2021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00141611","article-title":"The chronic bronchitis phenotype in subjects with and without COPD: the PLATINO study","volume":"40","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref1811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.4.9909096","article-title":"Association between air pollution and lung function growth in southern California children","volume":"162","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref1021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6759.1015","article-title":"What causes cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis? A case-control study of environmental exposure to dust","volume":"301","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.08.017","article-title":"Burden of disease attributed to anthropogenic air pollution in the United Arab Emirates: estimates based on observed air quality data","volume":"408","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref1481","first-page":"435","article-title":"Meteorological factors, aeroallergens and asthma-related visits in Kuwait: a 12-month retrospective study","volume":"28","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"ref1961","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.070","article-title":"Acute effects of black carbon and PM2.5 on children asthma admissions: a time-series study in a Chinese city","volume":"481","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref1671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-336X-12-27","article-title":"Exposure and health impacts of outdoor particulate matter in two urban and industrialized area of Tabriz, Iran","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Environ Health Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref1641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019504210176","article-title":"A case-control study of lung cancer in Casablanca, Morocco","volume":"13","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref991","volume-title":"Report of Air Pollutants Survey in Tehran","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref341","first-page":"435","article-title":"Meteorological factors, aeroallergens and asthma-related visits in Kuwait: a 12-month retrospective study","volume":"28","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"ref1471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.12816\/0006068","article-title":"The impact of environmental and agricultural pollutants on the prevalence of allergic diseases in people from Qassim, KSA","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)"},{"key":"ref971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001621","article-title":"Lung function and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after improved cooking fuels and kitchen ventilation: a 9-year prospective cohort study","volume":"11","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.08.013","article-title":"Risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a Mexican population. A case-control study","volume":"104","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref1691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-012-0626-7","article-title":"Short-term effect of dust storms on the risk of mortality due to respiratory, cardiovascular and all-causes in Kuwait","volume":"58","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref1491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905513Y.0000000104","article-title":"Effect of particulate air pollution and passive smoking on surrogate biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in healthy children","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/09603\/202\/000000970","article-title":"Respiratory health effects of industrial air pollution on children in North Lebanon","volume":"12","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.1.9710101","article-title":"Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in non-smokers","volume":"158","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref1101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-S1-S15","article-title":"Outdoor environments and human pathogens in air","volume":"8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"ref1861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10968","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and asthma onset in children: a prospective cohort study with individual exposure measurement","volume":"116","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3512-5","article-title":"Effect of exposure to O3, NO2, and SO2 on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations in Tabriz, Iran","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"46","article-title":"Chronic effects of air pollution on respiratory health in Southern California children: findings from the Southern California Children\u2019s Health Study","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"ref891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00175109","article-title":"Clinical COPD phenotypes: a novel approach using principal components and cluster analysis","volume":"36","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref1801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107669","article-title":"The adverse effect of low levels of ambient air pollutants on lung function growth in preadolescent children","volume":"107","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref2171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90465-1","article-title":"Occupational exposure to metal or wood dust and aetiology of crytogenic fibrosing alveolitis","volume":"347","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref231","first-page":"476","article-title":"Arabian incense exposure among Qatari asthmatic children. A possible risk factor","volume":"28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"ref1281","article-title":"The cost of environmental degradation case studies from the Middle East and North Africa","journal-title":"The World Bank"},{"key":"ref2251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549455","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter air pollution and cardiopulmonary diseases","volume":"36","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref1711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1039\/c2em10545d","article-title":"Airborne and allergenic fungal spores of the Karachi environment and their correlation with meteorological factors","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Environ Monit"},{"key":"ref2231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318234e2d2","article-title":"Lung cancer risk attributable to occupational exposures in a multicenter case-control study in Central and Eastern Europe","volume":"53","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"ref2141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.08.013","article-title":"Risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a Mexican population. A case-control study","volume":"104","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref1651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2013.06.005","article-title":"Lung cancer correlates in Lebanese adults: a pilot case \u2013 control study","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"ref361","first-page":"642","article-title":"Respiratory and general health complaints in subjects exposed to sandstorm at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"29","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010","volume":"380","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref1701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00021-11","article-title":"Application of a broad-range resequencing array for detection of pathogens in desert dust samples from Kuwait and Iraq","volume":"77","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref1661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.7.3035","article-title":"Risk factors for lung cancer in the Pakistani population","volume":"15","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref2061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200811-1757ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"182","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.2.9809075","article-title":"Lung function growth and ambient ozone: a three-year population study in school children","volume":"160","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref951","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11403-6","article-title":"Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease","volume":"360","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-13","article-title":"Extent of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and its dose-response relation to respiratory health among adults","volume":"6","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref1821","first-page":"43","article-title":"Long-term ambient concentrations of total suspended particulates and oxidants as related to incidence of chronic disease in California seventh-day adventists","volume":"94","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref1381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.09.005","article-title":"Asthma and sensitization in a community with low indoor allergen levels and low pet-keeping frequency","volume":"114","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2114","article-title":"Risk of COPD from exposure to biomass smoke: a metaanalysis","volume":"138","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref1521","first-page":"571","article-title":"Carbon monoxide and respiratory symptoms in young adult passive smokers: a pilot study comparing waterpipe to cigarette","volume":"27","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2013.06.005","article-title":"Lung cancer correlates in Lebanese adults: a pilot case \u2013 control study","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"ref1451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.06.082","article-title":"Dust storms and the risk of asthma admissions to hospitals in Kuwait","volume":"433","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref1121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-4551-7-19","article-title":"Prevalence and triggers of allergic rhinitis in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"59","article-title":"Sensitization to indigenous pollen and molds and other outdoor and indoor allergens in allergic patients from Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Sudan","volume":"5","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"ref701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3894","article-title":"Longterm ambient ozone concentration and the incidence of asthma in nonsmoking adults: the AHSMOG Study","volume":"80","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref271","first-page":"214","article-title":"Pulmonary function impairment and airway allergy among workers in traditional bakeries","volume":"26","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"ref831","first-page":"253","article-title":"Evaluation of a possible association of urban air toxics and asthma","volume":"103","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref2241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-S1-S15","article-title":"Outdoor environments and human pathogens in air","volume":"8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"ref131","journal-title":"Air quality in the Middle East and Indian Sub-continent"},{"key":"ref1081","first-page":"219","article-title":"Lung cancer and air pollution","volume":"103","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref751","first-page":"21","article-title":"Prevalence of asthma symptoms in Omani school children","volume":"3","year":"2001","journal-title":"SQU J Sci Res \u2013 Med Sci"},{"key":"ref1571","first-page":"107","article-title":"Occupational and environmental risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Egypt: a multicenter case-control study","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"ref1401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120701372086","article-title":"Air pollution as a determinant of asthma among schoolchildren in Mohammedia, Morocco","volume":"17","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"ref1851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181308.51440.75","article-title":"Childhood asthma and exposure to traffic and nitrogen dioxide","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.12816\/0006068","article-title":"The impact of environmental and agricultural pollutants on the prevalence of allergic diseases in people from Qassim, KSA","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"221","article-title":"International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths RELEASE","author":"IARC","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.09.005","article-title":"Asthma and sensitization in a community with low indoor allergen levels and low pet-keeping frequency","volume":"114","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref1341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(12)70011-2","article-title":"Smoking habits in the Middle East and North Africa: results of the BREATHE study","volume":"106","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref1871","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901232","article-title":"Childhood incident asthma and traffic-related air pollution at home and school","volume":"118","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref1891","first-page":"21","article-title":"Prevalence of asthma symptoms in Omani school children","volume":"3","year":"2001","journal-title":"SQU J Sci Res \u2013 Med Sci"},{"key":"ref2161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6759.1015","article-title":"What causes cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis? A case-control study of environmental exposure to dust","volume":"301","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.7.3035","article-title":"Risk factors for lung cancer in the Pakistani population","volume":"15","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-336X-12-27","article-title":"Exposure and health impacts of outdoor particulate matter in two urban and industrialized area of Tabriz, Iran","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Environ Health Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10968","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and asthma onset in children: a prospective cohort study with individual exposure measurement","volume":"116","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019504210176","article-title":"A case-control study of lung cancer in Casablanca, Morocco","volume":"13","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00141611","article-title":"The chronic bronchitis phenotype in subjects with and without COPD: the PLATINO study","volume":"40","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2529","article-title":"Chronic bronchitis in women using solid biomass fuel in rural Peshawar, Pakistan","volume":"132","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref401","first-page":"601","article-title":"Association of passive smoking with respiratory symptoms and clinical correlates, among married women, in a rural community in Islamabad","volume":"60","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60968-9","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"379","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.3.204","article-title":"Health effects of passive smoking. Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case-control studies","volume":"53","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref1881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07597-9","article-title":"Asthma in exercising children exposed to ozone: a cohort study","volume":"359","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref431","first-page":"107","article-title":"Occupational and environmental risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Egypt: a multicenter case-control study","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"ref1581","first-page":"571","article-title":"Indoor smoke exposure and risk of anthracosis","volume":"39","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.4.9905027","article-title":"Relationships of active and passive smoking to total IgE in adults of the Epidemiological Study of the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness, and Atopy (EGEA)","volume":"161","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref2221","first-page":"219","article-title":"Lung cancer and air pollution","volume":"103","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref1911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00426.x","article-title":"A relatively high prevalence and severity of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema in schoolchildren in the Sultanate of Oman","volume":"8","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref2121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2114","article-title":"Risk of COPD from exposure to biomass smoke: a metaanalysis","volume":"138","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"571","article-title":"Indoor smoke exposure and risk of anthracosis","volume":"39","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref1831","first-page":"99","article-title":"Chronic respiratory disease associated with long-term ambient concentrations of sulfates and other air pollutants","volume":"3","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200811-1757ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"182","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref1351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-011-0263-5","article-title":"Environmental intervention for house dust mite control in childhood bronchial asthma","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"ref1361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00821.x","article-title":"Effects of passive smoking on common respiratory symptoms in young children","volume":"92","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref1211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34867","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034867","article-title":"Human occupancy as a source of indoor airborne bacteria","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref1791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.2.9809075","article-title":"Lung function growth and ambient ozone: a three-year population study in school children","volume":"160","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370802464273","article-title":"Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East \u2013 Part 1: ambient sampling","volume":"21","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref1231","first-page":"59","article-title":"Sensitization to indigenous pollen and molds and other outdoor and indoor allergens in allergic patients from Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Sudan","volume":"5","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"ref1781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.1.49","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in an elderly nonsmoking population","volume":"115","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref1501","first-page":"642","article-title":"Respiratory and general health complaints in subjects exposed to sandstorm at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"29","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref1371","first-page":"476","article-title":"Arabian incense exposure among Qatari asthmatic children. A possible risk factor","volume":"28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"ref1721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010","volume":"380","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref1151","first-page":"34","article-title":"Adverse effects of outdoor pollution in the elderly","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"ref1561","first-page":"138","article-title":"Air pollution and hospitalization for respiratory diseases among children in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"44","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"ref1041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.2.344","article-title":"Bronchial stenosis due to anthracofibrosis","volume":"113","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref931","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.5.2101039","article-title":"GOLD Scientific Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI\/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary","volume":"163","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0912","article-title":"Respiratory effects in children from passive smoking of cigarettes and narghile: ISAAC phase three in Syria","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"138","article-title":"Air pollution and hospitalization for respiratory diseases among children in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"44","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00821.x","article-title":"Effects of passive smoking on common respiratory symptoms in young children","volume":"92","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref1531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050169","article-title":"The relationship between regular second-hand smoke exposure at home and indictors of lung function in healthy school boys in Khartoum","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tob Control"}],"container-title":["Reviews on Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/reveh.2016.31.issue-2\/reveh-2015-0076\/reveh-2015-0076.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/reveh-2015-0076\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T03:43:06Z","timestamp":1619062986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/reveh-2015-0076\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"references-count":202,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/reveh-2015-0076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-0308","0048-7554"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2191-0308","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0048-7554","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]}}}