{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:06:46Z","timestamp":1787900806898,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pakistan is a developing country with an estimated population of 220 million, and among them 34% are children. Due to the lack of a proper health care system, particularly in rural areas, children are prone to many environmental hazards. This paper reports about the different environmental health issues faced by children in Pakistan and was presented at the Regional Meeting on Children\u2019s Environmental Health at the Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand in May 2019. Pakistan is among those countries where polio is still present due to misconceptions, hard-to-reach areas, war zones, political uncertainty, etc. Extensively drug-resistant typhoid is broadly spreading in Pakistan, and this is a very serious concern over antibiotic failure around the world. Pakistan was long considered a region with a low prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, but now the disease is spreading at an alarming rate. Globally, Pakistan has the third highest burden of maternal, fetal and child mortality. In the last 10 years or so, around 10,000 cases of dengue have been reported with around 800 deaths, including children. Other issues related to children\u2019s environmental health in Pakistan include cholera because of poor sanitation and hygiene, respiratory disease due to pollution, exposure to pesticides, diarrhea, occupational hazards as a result of child labor, etc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2019-0087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]],"date-time":"2020-01-11T09:05:03Z","timestamp":1578733503000},"page":"57-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pakistan: country report on children\u2019s environmental health"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Mansoor","family":"Majeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asfa","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref1211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.10.007","article-title":"Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health \u2013 a review","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref1341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref1021","first-page":"435-43","article-title":"Health effects associated with smokeless tobacco: a systematic review","volume":"58","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref1321","volume-title":"Pakistan\u2019s Rising Air Pollution Crisis","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref971","first-page":"60","article-title":"Child malnutrition in Pakistan: evidence from literature","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref1261","first-page":"684","article-title":"Frequency and severity of dental fluorosis among school children in Gadap town, Karachi","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pak Oral Dental"},{"key":"ref1371","first-page":"1","article-title":"The rising menace of smog: time to act now","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-008-0592-z","article-title":"Chlorination and water quality monitoring within a public drinking water supply in Rawalpindi Cantt (Westridge and Tench) area, Pakistan","volume":"158","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.10.007","article-title":"Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health \u2013 a review","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref601","volume-title":"Pakistan\u2019s Rising Air Pollution Crisis","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref871","first-page":"e174","article-title":"Cause of death in under 5 children in a demographic surveillance site in Pakistan","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Online J Public Health Inform"},{"key":"ref1331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.10.048","article-title":"Evaluation of emissions and air quality in megacities","volume":"42","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"ref461","first-page":"18","article-title":"Enumeration of total and fecal coliform bacteria in drinking water of Khairpur Sindh","volume":"47","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pak J Med Res"},{"key":"ref581","first-page":"271","article-title":"Geochemical controls of high fluoride groundwater in Umarkot sub-district, Thar Desert, Pakistan","volume":"530","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7243\/2054-9911-2-1","article-title":"Measles outbreaks in Pakistan: causes of the tragedy and future implications","volume":"2","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"ref741","volume-title":"About 500 people test positive for HIV in Pakistani district; infected doctor arrested","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.10.048","article-title":"Evaluation of emissions and air quality in megacities","volume":"42","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"ref731","volume-title":"Children under five most affected by HIV outbreak in Ratodero","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref781","volume-title":"XDR typhoid emerging from Pakistan is becoming global health challenge. 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