{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T09:58:02Z","timestamp":1793095082999,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In today\u2019s society, with the continuous development of manufacturing industries and factories related to chemicals, the amount of heavy metals in the inhaled air of humans, water and even food consumption has increased dramatically. The aim of this study was investigation of relationship between exposure to heavy metals on the increased carcinogenicity risk of kidney and bladder. Databases used to for searched were the Springer, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct (Scopus) and PubMed. At the end after sieve we selected 20 papers. Identify all relevant studies published 2000\u20132021. The results of this study showed that exposure to heavy metals due to the bio accumulative properties of these metals can cause kidney and bladder abnormalities and provide the basis through various mechanisms for malignant tumors in these organs. Based on result this study, since a limited number of heavy metals including copper, iron, zinc and nickel in very small amounts as micronutrients play a very important role in the function of enzymes and the body cells biological reactions, but exposure to some of them like arsenic, lead, vanadium and mercury will cause irreversible effects on people\u2019s health and cause various diseases including cancers of the liver, pancreas, prostate, breast, kidney and bladder. The kidneys, ureter and bladder are the most important organs in the urinary tract on human. According to the result of this study, the duty of this urinary system is to remove toxins, chemicals and heavy metals from the blood, balance electrolytes, excrete excess fluid, produce urine and transfer it to the bladder. This mechanism causes the kidneys and bladder to be highly associated with these toxins and heavy metals, which can lead to various diseases in these two important organs. According to the finding the reducing exposure to heavy metals in various ways can prevent many diseases related to this system and reduce the incidence of kidney and bladder cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2022-0245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:54:33Z","timestamp":1682038473000},"page":"539-549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Relationship between exposure to heavy metals on the increased health risk and carcinogenicity of urinary tract (kidney and bladder)"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Eman M.","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy , Al Maarif University College , Ramadi , Anbar , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoume","family":"Taherian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami G.","family":"Almalki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences , Majmaah University , Majmaah , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Asban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. K.","family":"Kareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department , Al-Mustaqbal University College , Hillah , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firas Rahi","family":"Alhachami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, College of Health and Medical Technololgy , Al-Ayen University , Thi-Qar , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas F.","family":"Almulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology , The Islamic University , Najaf , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario Mireya","family":"Romero-Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Continental , Lima , Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zanko Hassan","family":"Jawhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences , Lebanese French University , Erbil , Kurdistan Region , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Kiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Noroozi Manesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Javad","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran"},{"name":"Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024090409024824153_j_reveh-2022-0245_ref_001","unstructured":"Rafiee, M, Eslami, A, Saeedi, R, Abtahi, M, Rad, MJ. 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