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Constituent Material of Teabag, Characterization Methods, Type, Abundance, Size, and Morphology of MPs, NPs, and related materials were thoroughly assessed. Out of 150 initially identified articles, 22 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The findings reveal that a single plastic tea bag can release hundreds of thousands to billions of microplastic and nanoplastic particles during typical brewing conditions. This comprehensive review establishes plastic tea bags as a direct and substantial exposure route for human microplastic and nanoplastic ingestion, highlighting the urgent need for regulatory attention and development of safer alternative materials in food contact products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2025-0187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T09:06:26Z","timestamp":1779095186000},"page":"226-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unveiling the invisible burden from cup to body: a comprehensive profiling of microplastics and nanoplastics released from tea bags"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Derakhshani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center , Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS) , Birjand , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Miri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center , Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS) , Birjand , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohadeseh","family":"Gholamzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee , Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS) , Birjand , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Naghizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health , Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS) , Birjand , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061608041277786_j_reveh-2025-0187_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S-h. 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