{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:28:19Z","timestamp":1793046499705,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":346,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Normal aging involves a gradual breakdown of physiological processes that leads to a decline in cognitive functions and brain integrity, yet the onset and progression of decline are variable among older individuals. While many biological changes may contribute to this degree of variability, oxidative stress is a key mechanism of the aging process that can cause direct damage to cellular architecture within the brain. Oligodendrocytes are at a high risk for oxidative damage due to their role in myelin maintenance and production and limited repair mechanisms, suggesting that white matter may be particularly vulnerable to oxidative activity. Antioxidant defense enzymes within the brain, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), are crucial for breaking down the harmful end products of oxidative phosphorylation. Previous studies have revealed that allele variations of polymorphisms that encode these antioxidants are associated with abnormalities in SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST activity in the central nervous system. This review will focus on the role of oxidative stress in the aging brain and the impact of decreased antioxidant defense on brain integrity and cognitive function. Directions for future research investigations of antioxidant defense genes will also be discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2014-0046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]],"date-time":"2014-08-25T17:00:59Z","timestamp":1408986059000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Oxidative stress and genetic markers of suboptimal antioxidant defense in the aging brain: a theoretical review"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Salminen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref1171","first-page":"1","article-title":"Matter Hyperintensities : Relative Importance of Vascular Risk Factors in Nondemented Elderly People","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Radiology"},{"key":"ref2851","first-page":"462","article-title":"Marked loss of myelinated nerve fibers in the human brain with age","author":"Marner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp Neurol"},{"key":"ref1791","first-page":"1","article-title":"yanov Association of polymorphic markers of the antioxidant enzyme genes with diabetic polyneuropathy in type diabetes mellitus","author":"Zotova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref3591","first-page":"1","article-title":"yanov Association of polymorphic markers of the antioxidant enzyme genes with diabetic polyneuropathy in type diabetes mellitus","author":"Zotova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref2821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-008-0489-0","article-title":"Longitudinal follow - up of individual white matter hyperintensities in a large cohort of elderly","author":"Maillard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref3121","first-page":"117","article-title":"Blumbergs Cellular glutathione peroxidase in human brain cellular distribution and its potential role in the degradation of Lewy bodies in Parkinson s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","author":"Neuropath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Power Acta"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"154","article-title":"Exploratory voxel - based analysis of diffusion indices and hemispheric asymmetry in normal aging Imaging","volume":"25","author":"Ardekani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reson"},{"key":"ref411","first-page":"360","article-title":"Dr\u00f6ge Oxidative stress and ageing is ageing a cysteine deficiency syndrome","author":"Philos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans Soc Lond Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.06.011","article-title":"Intra - individual variability in behavior : links to brain structure neurotransmission and neuronal activity","volume":"29","author":"MacDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref1061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.05.013","article-title":"Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems : involvement of glutathione and glutathione - related enzymes","volume":"16","author":"Masella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"ref851","first-page":"53","article-title":"Induction by tumor necrosis factor - \u03b1 and involvement of in cell death of human oligodendrocytes","author":"Ladiwala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurochem"},{"key":"ref1521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00212.x","article-title":"the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"ref3361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1008","article-title":"Toga Mapping cortical change across the human life span","author":"Sowell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref1351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.7.7737461","article-title":"Oxidative processes and antioxidative defense mechanisms in the aging","author":"Reiter","year":"1995","journal-title":"brain FASEB J"},{"key":"ref3141","article-title":"Standard Progressive Matrices United Kingdom Psychologists","author":"Raven","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7631","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-20-07631.2000","article-title":"Impairment of long - term potentiation and associative memory in mice that overexpress extracellular superoxide dismutase","volume":"20","author":"Thiels","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"ref1131","first-page":"49","article-title":"Satz Changes in cognitive functioning associated with normal aging","volume":"6","author":"Mitrushina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Clin"},{"key":"ref2971","first-page":"1","article-title":"Matter Hyperintensities : Relative Importance of Vascular Risk Factors in Nondemented Elderly People","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Radiology"},{"key":"ref3451","first-page":"37","article-title":"a Elevated oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant function in the human hippocampus and frontal cortex with increasing age : implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer s disease","author":"Venkateshappa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res"},{"key":"ref321","first-page":"262","article-title":"The catalase promoter polymorphism phenotypes","author":"Christiansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"aging Gerontol Ser Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref2371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.004","article-title":"- related changes in grey and white matter structure throughout adulthood","author":"Giorgio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref1181","first-page":"1452","article-title":"Evaluation of markers of oxidative stress antioxidant function and astrocytic proliferation in the striatum and frontal cortex of Parkinson s disease brains","author":"Mythri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000091268.25816.19","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase overexpression inhibits cytochrome C release and proapoptotic mediators to protect neurons from experimental stroke","author":"Hoehn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref3401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.041","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging detects early Wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract after ischemic stroke","volume":"22","author":"Thomalla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref631","first-page":"53","article-title":"Functional variants in the glutathione peroxidase - gene are associated with increased intima - media thickness of carotid arteries and risk of macrovascular diseases in Japanese type diabetic patients","author":"Hamanishi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref3271","first-page":"308","article-title":"Extension of murine life span by overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria","author":"Schriner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref3371","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genetic variant in glutathione peroxidase gene is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease in a Chinese population","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref951","first-page":"106","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and the inflammatory response","volume":"13","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref1301","first-page":"874","article-title":"quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late adulthood","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch"},{"key":"ref3301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0385","article-title":"Structural dimorphism in the mitochondrial targeting sequence in the human manganese superoxide dismutase gene : a predictive evidence for conformational change to influence mitochondrial transport and a study of allelic association in Parkinson s disease","author":"Shimoda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref2161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-600-9_13","article-title":"Oxidative stress in vascular aging InStudies on Cardiovascular Disorders Media pp Print ISBN ISBN","author":"Csiszar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science Business Online"},{"key":"ref461","first-page":"401","article-title":"Chronic dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids deficiency affects the fatty acid composition of plasmenylethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine differently in rat frontal striatum","author":"Favreliere","year":"1998","journal-title":"cortex cerebellum Lipids"},{"key":"ref981","first-page":"1","article-title":"peroxidase in disease from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities Signal","volume":"15","author":"Lubos","year":"2011","journal-title":"health"},{"key":"ref2171","first-page":"505","article-title":"de cholesterol in aging and disease in the Future","author":"Chaves","year":"2008","journal-title":"brain Lipidol"},{"key":"ref1401","first-page":"142","article-title":"iron metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Rouault","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Neurol"},{"key":"ref1311","first-page":"1","article-title":"null genotype as risk factor for late - onset Alzheimer s disease in Italian patients","author":"Piacentini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref751","article-title":"Regulation in the Antioxidants redox signaling","author":"Jackman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref1271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1159\/000213215","article-title":"Blood activity of Cu \/ Zn superoxide dismutase glutathione peroxidase and catalase in Alzheimer s disease : a case - control study","author":"Perrin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref2751","first-page":"106","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and the inflammatory response","volume":"13","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref1481","first-page":"431","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and synaptic plasticity in the aging Ageing","author":"Serrano","year":"2004","journal-title":"hippocampus Res Rev"},{"key":"ref3381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.4.432","article-title":"De De do Dos and da Is the manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism associated with the aging process","volume":"16","author":"Taufer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref1531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2008.07.002","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the of metabolites and clinical applications","author":"Soares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Law brain review Clin Radiol"},{"key":"ref1661","first-page":"37","article-title":"Increased oxidative damage and decreased antioxidant function in aging human substantia nigra compared to striatum : implications for Parkinson s disease","author":"Venkateshappa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res"},{"key":"ref2501","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species cell signaling cell injury Free Radical","volume":"28","author":"Hensley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.004","article-title":"- related changes in grey and white matter structure throughout adulthood","author":"Giorgio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref1561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1008","article-title":"Toga Mapping cortical change across the human life span","author":"Sowell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2651","first-page":"53","article-title":"Induction by tumor necrosis factor - \u03b1 and involvement of in cell death of human oligodendrocytes","author":"Ladiwala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurochem"},{"key":"ref1291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.015","article-title":"of the structural alterations in the cerebral hemispheres of the aging rhesus monkey of","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"review Neurobiology aging"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"213","article-title":"and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative - diffusion - tensor","author":"Basser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn Reson"},{"key":"ref1781","first-page":"257","article-title":"oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vascular Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref661","article-title":"High - field proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals metabolic effects of normal brain","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"aging Aging"},{"key":"ref2601","first-page":"233","article-title":"Sources and targets of reactive oxygen species in synaptic plasticity and memory Signal","author":"Kishida","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.12.3.503","article-title":"Sixteen - year longitudinal and time lag changes in memory and cognition in older adults","volume":"12","author":"Zelinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"ref311","first-page":"262","article-title":"anov The promoter polymorphism of the catalase gene is associated with diabetic neuropathy in type diabetic Russian patients","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"ref1081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-12-123","article-title":"de Heightened inflammasome activation is linked to age - related cognitive impairment in rats","volume":"12","author":"Mawhinney","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"ref801","first-page":"233","article-title":"Sources and targets of reactive oxygen species in synaptic plasticity and memory Signal","author":"Kishida","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref1891","first-page":"359","article-title":"Age - related variations of enzymatic defenses against free radicals and peroxides Free Radical","author":"Artur","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref251","first-page":"246","article-title":"Modified card sorting test normative data","volume":"26","author":"Caffarra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00214-8","article-title":"cell type - specific responses to menadione - induced oxidative stress Free and","volume":"28","author":"Hollensworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radical Biology Medicine"},{"key":"ref3481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10427","article-title":"Age - related deficits in long - term potentiation are insensitive to hydrogen peroxide : coincidence with enhanced autophosphorylation of Ca calmodulin - dependent protein kinase II","author":"Watson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.11.020","article-title":"peroxidases","author":"Brigelius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref1091","first-page":"107","article-title":"The life death and replacement of oligodendrocytes in the adult","author":"McTigue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2007.00283.x","article-title":"Calcium homeostasis and modulation of synaptic plasticity in the aged","author":"Foster","year":"2007","journal-title":"brain Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref2951","first-page":"186","article-title":"resonance imaging determinants of intraindividual variability in the elderly : combined analysis of grey and white matter","author":"Moy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magnetic Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref681","first-page":"45","article-title":"transferases","author":"Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref1971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.11.026.[Epubaheadofprint]","article-title":"Disconnected cerebral white matter integrity and age - related differences in","author":"Bennett","year":"2013","journal-title":"aging cognition Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref2961","first-page":"477","article-title":"Trends in oxidative aging theories Free","author":"Muller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref1851","first-page":"69","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the progression of Alzheimer disease in the frontal","author":"Ansari","year":"2010","journal-title":"cortex Neurol"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"34","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging based white matter mapping in brain a","author":"Assaf","year":"2008","journal-title":"research review Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref501","first-page":"1122","article-title":"Regulation of antioxidant enzyme gene expression in response to oxidative stress and during differentiation of mouse skeletal muscle Free Radical","volume":"27","author":"Franco","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref2621","first-page":"2114","article-title":"Oxidative stress promotes endothelial cell apoptosis and loss of microvessels in the spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"25","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref1421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.030","article-title":"Regional white matter volume differences in nondemented aging and Alzheimer s disease","author":"Salat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.11.026.[Epubaheadofprint]","article-title":"Disconnected cerebral white matter integrity and age - related differences in","author":"Bennett","year":"2013","journal-title":"aging cognition Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref1381","first-page":"265","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the human","author":"Ross","year":"2001","journal-title":"brain Anat Record"},{"key":"ref3331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2008.07.002","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the of metabolites and clinical applications","author":"Soares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Law brain review Clin Radiol"},{"key":"ref1761","first-page":"67","article-title":"Extent and distribution of white matter hyperintensities in normal aging AD","author":"Yoshita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref2391","first-page":"3","article-title":"Changes in Cognitive Function in Human In models mechanisms Group","author":"Glisky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aging Brain aging methods"},{"key":"ref2641","first-page":"1","article-title":"peroxidase Pro Leu variant contributes to the metabolic syndrome in men in a large Japanese cohort","author":"Kuzuya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref3431","first-page":"245","article-title":"Oxidative injury of synapse and alteration of antioxidative defense systems in rats its prevention by vitamin","author":"Urano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"ref3581","first-page":"257","article-title":"oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vascular Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref1911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8695","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-22-08695.1997","article-title":"Peroxide modulation of slow onset potentiation in rat hippocampus","volume":"17","author":"Auerbach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"ref3511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1139\/y97-146","article-title":"Antioxidant defense of the a role for astrocytes Can","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"brain Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref1621","first-page":"189","article-title":"hippocampus fatty acid composition in phospholipid classes of aged - relative cognitive deficit rats Fatty Acids","author":"Ulmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref2491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh003","article-title":"Differential vulnerability of anterior white matter in nondemented aging with minimal acceleration in dementia of the Alzheimer type : evidence from diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"14","author":"Head","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref3211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1395.041","article-title":"Markers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes during aging in humans of the New of","author":"Rizvi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals York Academy Sciences"},{"key":"ref1511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-011-0195-x","article-title":"mechanisms in the pathogenesis of stroke","volume":"13","author":"Coca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sierra Vascular Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"ref2931","first-page":"49","article-title":"Satz Changes in cognitive functioning associated with normal aging","volume":"6","author":"Mitrushina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Clin"},{"key":"ref2021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.09.041","article-title":"Age - related differences in white matter microstructure : region - specific patterns of diffusivity","author":"Burzynska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref2481","first-page":"45","article-title":"transferases","author":"Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref3491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21040","article-title":"Age - dependent modulation of hippocampal long - term potentiation by antioxidant enzymes","author":"Watson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref2421","first-page":"37","article-title":"Biological variability of superoxide dismutase glutathione peroxidase and catalase in blood","author":"Guemouri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref2471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1159\/000028396","article-title":"transferase polymorphisms and their biological consequences","author":"Hayes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref2661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1999.660639.x","article-title":"Manganese containing superoxide dismutase signal sequence polymorphism associated with sporadic motor neuron disease of","author":"Landeghem","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal Neurology"},{"key":"ref1951","first-page":"5","article-title":"Age - related myelin breakdown : a developmental model of cognitive decline and Alzheimer s disease","volume":"25","author":"Bartzokis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"130","article-title":"an important factor for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases","author":"Farooqui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aging Aging"},{"key":"ref1451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100444","article-title":"disturbed interplay between autophagy inflammasomes","author":"Salminen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref2511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000091268.25816.19","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase overexpression inhibits cytochrome C release and proapoptotic mediators to protect neurons from experimental stroke","author":"Hoehn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref2271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"Mini - mental state a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref1251","first-page":"128","article-title":"Reduced mitochondrial SOD displays mortality characteristics reminiscent of natural","author":"Paul","year":"2007","journal-title":"aging Mech Aging"},{"key":"ref1341","article-title":"Standard Progressive Matrices United Kingdom Psychologists","author":"Raven","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref3291","first-page":"289","article-title":"Antioxidant role of glutathione transferases protection against oxidant toxicity and regulation of stress - mediated apoptosis Signal","author":"Sharma","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2791","first-page":"169","article-title":"Analysis of the mechanisms underlying the age - related impairment in long - term potentiation in the rat","author":"Lynch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199606)17:2<83::AID-GLIA1>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Relationship of iron to oligondendrocytes and myelination","volume":"17","author":"Connor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref1101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340416","article-title":"Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA shows marked age dependent increases in human","author":"Mecocci","year":"1993","journal-title":"brain Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref2831","first-page":"10","article-title":"del and transferase and - null genotypes and coronary artery disease risk in patients with type diabetes mellitus","author":"Manfredi","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref641","first-page":"39","article-title":"Mitochondrial function in human brains is affected by pre and post mortem factors","author":"Harish","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl"},{"key":"ref611","first-page":"167","article-title":"Behavioral disturbance and impairment of executive functions among the elderly","volume":"21","author":"Grigsby","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch"},{"key":"ref3471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/1071-5576(96)00015-9","article-title":"Antioxidant activities and mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase catalase and glutathione peroxidase in normal and preeclamptic placentas","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soc Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-008-0489-0","article-title":"Longitudinal follow - up of individual white matter hyperintensities in a large cohort of elderly","author":"Maillard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref2671","first-page":"7","article-title":"- associated cardiovascular changes in health impact on cardiovascular disease in older persons","author":"Lakatta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Age Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"ref1841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.4.562","article-title":"Antioxidative enzyme activities in human erythrocytes","author":"Andersen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"1","article-title":"- null polymorphism as possible risk marker for hypertension : results from the aging and longevity study in the Sirente Geographic Area ( ilSIRENTE study","author":"Capoluongo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref1051","first-page":"462","article-title":"Marked loss of myelinated nerve fibers in the human brain with age","author":"Marner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp Neurol"},{"key":"ref2031","first-page":"545","article-title":"Sultana Oxidative stress in Alzheimer s disease new insights from redox proteomics of","author":"Butterfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"brain European journal pharmacology"},{"key":"ref1921","first-page":"978","article-title":"and a Oxidative changes and possible effects of polymorphism of antioxidant enzymes in neurodegenerative disease Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System book ed ISBN Published under BY license","volume":"15","author":"Babusikova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medicine Neurodegenerative Diseases"},{"key":"ref1111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431","author":"Meister","year":"1983","journal-title":"Glutathione Ann Rev Biochem"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"1","article-title":"null and null genotypes of the glutathione S - transferase gene are risk factor for CAD independent of smoking","author":"Amero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Gen"},{"key":"ref1211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282f82c3e","article-title":"The early life origins of vascular ageing and cardiovascular risk : the EVA syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Nilsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertens"},{"key":"ref1411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1395.041","article-title":"Markers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes during aging in humans of the New of","author":"Rizvi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals York Academy Sciences"},{"key":"ref521","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interactions of interleukin with neurotrophic factors in the central nervous system","author":"Friedman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref3321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00212.x","article-title":"the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1159\/000028396","article-title":"transferase polymorphisms and their biological consequences","author":"Hayes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref1701","first-page":"227","article-title":"Oxidative stress mitochondrial DNA mutation and impairment of antioxidant enzymes in","author":"Wei","year":"2002","journal-title":"aging Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"ref2591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.03.024","article-title":"Classification of white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in elderly persons","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref381","first-page":"4863","article-title":"esposito Alterations in the BOLD fMRI signal with ageing and disease : a challenge for neuroimaging","author":"Deouell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2891","first-page":"107","article-title":"The life death and replacement of oligodendrocytes in the adult","author":"McTigue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem"},{"key":"ref3311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-011-0195-x","article-title":"mechanisms in the pathogenesis of stroke","volume":"13","author":"Coca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sierra Vascular Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"ref2781","first-page":"1","article-title":"peroxidase in disease from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities Signal","volume":"15","author":"Lubos","year":"2011","journal-title":"health"},{"key":"ref2611","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in hippocampal long - term potentiation : contributory or inhibitory","author":"Knapp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref2561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13033145","article-title":"Glutathione is a key player in metal - induced oxidative stress defenses","volume":"13","author":"Jozefczak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref3071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1159\/000213215","article-title":"Blood activity of Cu \/ Zn superoxide dismutase glutathione peroxidase and catalase in Alzheimer s disease : a case - control study","author":"Perrin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref2091","first-page":"1","article-title":"- null polymorphism as possible risk marker for hypertension : results from the aging and longevity study in the Sirente Geographic Area ( ilSIRENTE study","author":"Capoluongo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref911","first-page":"145","article-title":"a critical player in the response of cells of the CNS to genotoxic insults","author":"LeDoux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA repair Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref1641","first-page":"103","article-title":"oxidative stress in","author":"Urano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aging neurodegeneration Biofactors"},{"key":"ref1771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.12.3.503","article-title":"Sixteen - year longitudinal and time lag changes in memory and cognition in older adults","volume":"12","author":"Zelinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"ref3421","first-page":"189","article-title":"hippocampus fatty acid composition in phospholipid classes of aged - relative cognitive deficit rats Fatty Acids","author":"Ulmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref2711","first-page":"145","article-title":"a critical player in the response of cells of the CNS to genotoxic insults","author":"LeDoux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA repair Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"501","article-title":"Relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes and disease","author":"Crawford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref191","first-page":"546","article-title":"Mitochondria from females exhibit higher antioxidant gene expression and lower oxidative damage than males Free Radical","author":"Borr\u00e1s","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Aging"},{"key":"ref1871","first-page":"154","article-title":"Exploratory voxel - based analysis of diffusion indices and hemispheric asymmetry in normal aging Imaging","volume":"25","author":"Ardekani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reson"},{"key":"ref1741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1339","article-title":"transferase gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with diabetes mellitus Function","volume":"25","author":"Yalin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref151","first-page":"5","article-title":"Age - related myelin breakdown : a developmental model of cognitive decline and Alzheimer s disease","volume":"25","author":"Bartzokis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref181","first-page":"176","article-title":"Bid Association of glutathione transferase gene polymorphisms with type diabetes mellitus in north Indian population","author":"Konwar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"ref3341","first-page":"4880","article-title":"The superoxide dismutase single nucleotide polymorphism rs and the glutathione peroxidase single nucleotide polymorphism rs are associated with aging and longevity in the oldest old","author":"Soerensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref3501","first-page":"227","article-title":"Oxidative stress mitochondrial DNA mutation and impairment of antioxidant enzymes in","author":"Wei","year":"2002","journal-title":"aging Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"ref1541","first-page":"4880","article-title":"The superoxide dismutase single nucleotide polymorphism rs and the glutathione peroxidase single nucleotide polymorphism rs are associated with aging and longevity in the oldest old","author":"Soerensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref2881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-12-123","article-title":"de Heightened inflammasome activation is linked to age - related cognitive impairment in rats","volume":"12","author":"Mawhinney","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2261","first-page":"401","article-title":"Chronic dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids deficiency affects the fatty acid composition of plasmenylethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine differently in rat frontal striatum","author":"Favreliere","year":"1998","journal-title":"cortex cerebellum Lipids"},{"key":"ref3191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01661-1","article-title":"Interleukin in the biology therapeutic target","volume":"23","author":"Rothwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"brain pathology Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref1011","first-page":"25","article-title":"Oxidative stress disease","author":"Madamanchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"vascular Biol"},{"key":"ref3081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025731309829","article-title":"The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers a of","volume":"31","author":"Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"review Journal neurocytology"},{"key":"ref691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh003","article-title":"Differential vulnerability of anterior white matter in nondemented aging with minimal acceleration in dementia of the Alzheimer type : evidence from diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"14","author":"Head","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref2241","first-page":"130","article-title":"an important factor for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases","author":"Farooqui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aging Aging"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-06-02040.1998","article-title":"Manganese superoxide dismutase protects nNOS neurons from NMDA and nitric oxide - mediated neurotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.004","article-title":"vulnerabilities and whole brain connectivity in aging and depression","author":"Lamar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"69","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the progression of Alzheimer disease in the frontal","author":"Ansari","year":"2010","journal-title":"cortex Neurol"},{"key":"ref2871","first-page":"637","article-title":"Modification of brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders by genes diet behavior","author":"Mattson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev"},{"key":"ref3461","first-page":"37","article-title":"Increased oxidative damage and decreased antioxidant function in aging human substantia nigra compared to striatum : implications for Parkinson s disease","author":"Venkateshappa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res"},{"key":"ref1161","first-page":"477","article-title":"Trends in oxidative aging theories Free","author":"Muller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref3031","first-page":"208","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and ischemic cerebrovascular disease","author":"Olmez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int"},{"key":"ref1281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025731309829","article-title":"The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers a of","volume":"31","author":"Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"review Journal neurocytology"},{"key":"ref1681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10427","article-title":"Age - related deficits in long - term potentiation are insensitive to hydrogen peroxide : coincidence with enhanced autophosphorylation of Ca calmodulin - dependent protein kinase II","author":"Watson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref2071","first-page":"903","article-title":"endothelium is a site of free radical production and inflammation in areas of neuronal loss in thiamine - deficient","author":"Calingasan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vascular brain Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref2861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.05.013","article-title":"Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems : involvement of glutathione and glutathione - related enzymes","volume":"16","author":"Masella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"ref2461","article-title":"High - field proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals metabolic effects of normal brain","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"aging Aging"},{"key":"ref1711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1139\/y97-146","article-title":"Antioxidant defense of the a role for astrocytes Can","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"brain Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref1431","first-page":"217","article-title":"Regulation of the aging process by Trends","volume":"15","author":"Salminen","year":"2009","journal-title":"autophagy Mol Med"},{"key":"ref2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.11.020","article-title":"peroxidases","author":"Brigelius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref2121","first-page":"262","article-title":"The catalase promoter polymorphism phenotypes","author":"Christiansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"aging Gerontol Ser Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref2811","first-page":"25","article-title":"Oxidative stress disease","author":"Madamanchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"vascular Biol"},{"key":"ref261","first-page":"125","article-title":"Increased expression of heat shock proteins in rat brain during aging relationship with mitochondrial function and glutathione redox state","author":"Calabrese","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ageing Dev"},{"key":"ref861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1999.660639.x","article-title":"Manganese containing superoxide dismutase signal sequence polymorphism associated with sporadic motor neuron disease of","author":"Landeghem","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal Neurology"},{"key":"ref1901","first-page":"34","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging based white matter mapping in brain a","author":"Assaf","year":"2008","journal-title":"research review Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref3101","first-page":"874","article-title":"quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late adulthood","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch"},{"key":"ref2731","first-page":"297","article-title":"von Variability in cognitive aging from taxonomy to theory Lifespan Change New York University","author":"Lindenberger","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"133","article-title":"Absolute diffusivities define the landscape of white matter degeneration in Alzheimer s disease","author":"Acosta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"59","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in aging and neurodegenerative disease","author":"Albers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Res"},{"key":"ref3541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1339","article-title":"transferase gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with diabetes mellitus Function","volume":"25","author":"Yalin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.4.562","article-title":"Antioxidative enzyme activities in human erythrocytes","author":"Andersen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref2331","first-page":"59","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of an antioxidant in ischemic brain injury","author":"Fujimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Care"},{"key":"ref1801","first-page":"1","article-title":"null and null genotypes of the glutathione S - transferase gene are risk factor for CAD independent of smoking","author":"Amero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Gen"},{"key":"ref1931","first-page":"262","article-title":"Frequency of polymorphism in catalase gene and oxidative damage in Slovak children with bronchial asthma","author":"Babusikova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.09.041","article-title":"Age - related differences in white matter microstructure : region - specific patterns of diffusivity","author":"Burzynska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref2991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0471-9","article-title":"Evaluation of markers of oxidative stress antioxidant function and astrocytic proliferation in the striatum and frontal cortex of Parkinson s disease brains","author":"Mythri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochemical research"},{"key":"ref701","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species cell signaling cell injury Free Radical","volume":"28","author":"Hensley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.004","article-title":"vulnerabilities and whole brain connectivity in aging and depression","author":"Lamar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref3151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.7.7737461","article-title":"Oxidative processes and antioxidative defense mechanisms in the aging","author":"Reiter","year":"1995","journal-title":"brain FASEB J"},{"key":"ref2631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.086769","article-title":"Elevated glucose concentrations promote receptor - independent activation of adherent human neutrophils : an experimental and computational approach","author":"Kummer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"262","article-title":"Frequency of polymorphism in catalase gene and oxidative damage in Slovak children with bronchial asthma","author":"Babusikova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"ref2411","first-page":"167","article-title":"Behavioral disturbance and impairment of executive functions among the elderly","volume":"21","author":"Grigsby","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch"},{"key":"ref941","first-page":"483","article-title":"Del Effect of liver cirrhosis and age on the glutathione concentration in the plasma erythrocytes and gastric mucosa of man Free Radical","volume":"20","author":"Loguercio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref3011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282f82c3e","article-title":"The early life origins of vascular ageing and cardiovascular risk : the EVA syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Nilsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertens"},{"key":"ref1751","first-page":"843","article-title":"The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane","volume":"23","author":"Yehuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref401","first-page":"649","article-title":"Dringen functions of glutathione in","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism brain Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref2181","first-page":"4863","article-title":"esposito Alterations in the BOLD fMRI signal with ageing and disease : a challenge for neuroimaging","author":"Deouell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2771","first-page":"429","article-title":"regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene brain Nature"},{"key":"ref961","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00214.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress in ischemia","author":"Love","year":"1999","journal-title":"brain Brain Pathol"},{"key":"ref2721","first-page":"443","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13033145","article-title":"Glutathione is a key player in metal - induced oxidative stress defenses","volume":"13","author":"Jozefczak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref991","first-page":"169","article-title":"Analysis of the mechanisms underlying the age - related impairment in long - term potentiation in the rat","author":"Lynch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref591","first-page":"3","article-title":"Changes in Cognitive Function in Human In models mechanisms Group","author":"Glisky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aging Brain aging methods"},{"key":"ref2401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-06-02040.1998","article-title":"Manganese superoxide dismutase protects nNOS neurons from NMDA and nitric oxide - mediated neurotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2551","article-title":"Regulation in the Antioxidants redox signaling","author":"Jackman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref1231","first-page":"208","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and ischemic cerebrovascular disease","author":"Olmez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int"},{"key":"ref891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1999.660639.x","article-title":"Manganese - containing superoxide dismutase signal sequence polymorphism associated with sporadic motor neuron disease","author":"Landeghem","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref821","first-page":"2114","article-title":"Oxidative stress promotes endothelial cell apoptosis and loss of microvessels in the spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"25","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref1861","first-page":"108","article-title":"Regulation of neuronal glutathione synthesis","author":"Aoyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref1981","first-page":"176","article-title":"Bid Association of glutathione transferase gene polymorphisms with type diabetes mellitus in north Indian population","author":"Konwar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"ref2151","first-page":"501","article-title":"Relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes and disease","author":"Crawford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref3061","first-page":"1","article-title":"peroxidase polymorphism is associated with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"25","author":"Pera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis"},{"key":"ref3091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.015","article-title":"of the structural alterations in the cerebral hemispheres of the aging rhesus monkey of","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"review Neurobiology aging"},{"key":"ref3241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3282f945d5","article-title":"matter hyperintensities in mid - adult life in","volume":"21","author":"Sachdev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current opinion psychiatry"},{"key":"ref831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.086769","article-title":"Elevated glucose concentrations promote receptor - independent activation of adherent human neutrophils : an experimental and computational approach","author":"Kummer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"ref2361","first-page":"1327","article-title":"related total gray matter and white matter changes in normal adult brain Part volumetric MR imaging analysis","volume":"23","author":"Grossman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Age Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref1821","first-page":"59","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in aging and neurodegenerative disease","author":"Albers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Res"},{"key":"ref2581","first-page":"466","article-title":"Neural and vascular variability and the fMRI BOLD response in normal aging Magnet Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Kannurpatti","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2061","first-page":"125","article-title":"Increased expression of heat shock proteins in rat brain during aging relationship with mitochondrial function and glutathione redox state","author":"Calabrese","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ageing Dev"},{"key":"ref811","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in hippocampal long - term potentiation : contributory or inhibitory","author":"Knapp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref3561","first-page":"67","article-title":"Extent and distribution of white matter hyperintensities in normal aging AD","author":"Yoshita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref3551","first-page":"843","article-title":"The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane","volume":"23","author":"Yehuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref731","first-page":"53","article-title":"St Manganese superoxide dismutase versus the mitochondrial center","author":"Holley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci"},{"key":"ref1191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0471-9","article-title":"Evaluation of markers of oxidative stress antioxidant function and astrocytic proliferation in the striatum and frontal cortex of Parkinson s disease brains","author":"Mythri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochemical research"},{"key":"ref1321","first-page":"117","article-title":"Blumbergs Cellular glutathione peroxidase in human brain cellular distribution and its potential role in the degradation of Lewy bodies in Parkinson s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","author":"Neuropath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Power Acta"},{"key":"ref3021","first-page":"87","article-title":"Tank magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation","author":"Ogawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref3111","first-page":"1","article-title":"null genotype as risk factor for late - onset Alzheimer s disease in Italian patients","author":"Piacentini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref541","first-page":"239","article-title":"cardiovascular disease","author":"Fukai","year":"2002","journal-title":"superoxide dismutase Res"},{"key":"ref3351","first-page":"39","article-title":"High prevalence of white matter hyperintensities in normal aging relation to blood pressure and","author":"S\u00f6derlund","year":"2003","journal-title":"cognition Cortex"},{"key":"ref1241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.02.004","article-title":"Subcortical hyperintensities impact cognitive function among a select subset of healthy elderly","volume":"20","author":"Paul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref1651","first-page":"37","article-title":"a Elevated oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant function in the human hippocampus and frontal cortex with increasing age : implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer s disease","author":"Venkateshappa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res"},{"key":"ref841","first-page":"1","article-title":"peroxidase Pro Leu variant contributes to the metabolic syndrome in men in a large Japanese cohort","author":"Kuzuya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref2301","first-page":"1122","article-title":"Regulation of antioxidant enzyme gene expression in response to oxidative stress and during differentiation of mouse skeletal muscle Free Radical","volume":"27","author":"Franco","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-600-9_13","article-title":"Oxidative stress in vascular aging InStudies on Cardiovascular Disorders Media pp Print ISBN ISBN","author":"Csiszar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science Business Online"},{"key":"ref1201","first-page":"107","article-title":"Signatures of hippocampal oxidative stress in aged spatial learning - impaired rodents","author":"Nicolle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2281","first-page":"500","article-title":"and de Faire common functional CT substitution polymorphism in the promoter region of the human catalase gene influences transcription factor binding reporter gene transcription and is correlated to blood catalase levels Free Radical","volume":"30","author":"Forsberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref2451","first-page":"325","article-title":"Deary genetic association analysis of cognitive ability and cognitive ageing using markers for genes associated with oxidative stress or cognition","author":"Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8695","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-22-08695.1997","article-title":"Peroxide modulation of slow onset potentiation in rat hippocampus","volume":"17","author":"Auerbach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"ref1031","first-page":"10","article-title":"del and transferase and - null genotypes and coronary artery disease risk in patients with type diabetes mellitus","author":"Manfredi","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref1961","first-page":"213","article-title":"and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative - diffusion - tensor","author":"Basser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn Reson"},{"key":"ref2431","first-page":"53","article-title":"Functional variants in the glutathione peroxidase - gene are associated with increased intima - media thickness of carotid arteries and risk of macrovascular diseases in Japanese type diabetic patients","author":"Hamanishi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref1121","first-page":"119","article-title":"Variation with age in the volumes of grey and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres of man : measurements with an image analyser","author":"Miller","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl"},{"key":"ref2921","first-page":"119","article-title":"Variation with age in the volumes of grey and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres of man : measurements with an image analyser","author":"Miller","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl"},{"key":"ref1501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0385","article-title":"Structural dimorphism in the mitochondrial targeting sequence in the human manganese superoxide dismutase gene : a predictive evidence for conformational change to influence mitochondrial transport and a study of allelic association in Parkinson s disease","author":"Shimoda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref531","first-page":"59","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of an antioxidant in ischemic brain injury","author":"Fujimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Care"},{"key":"ref3041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.02.004","article-title":"Subcortical hyperintensities impact cognitive function among a select subset of healthy elderly","volume":"20","author":"Paul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref281","first-page":"2313","article-title":"Oxidative stress inflammaging immunosenescence","author":"Cannizzo","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2441","first-page":"39","article-title":"Mitochondrial function in human brains is affected by pre and post mortem factors","author":"Harish","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl"},{"key":"ref2131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199606)17:2<83::AID-GLIA1>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Relationship of iron to oligondendrocytes and myelination","volume":"17","author":"Connor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref2211","first-page":"360","article-title":"Dr\u00f6ge Oxidative stress and ageing is ageing a cysteine deficiency syndrome","author":"Philos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans Soc Lond Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref3441","first-page":"103","article-title":"oxidative stress in","author":"Urano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aging neurodegeneration Biofactors"},{"key":"ref1631","first-page":"245","article-title":"Oxidative injury of synapse and alteration of antioxidative defense systems in rats its prevention by vitamin","author":"Urano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"ref1671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/1071-5576(96)00015-9","article-title":"Antioxidant activities and mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase catalase and glutathione peroxidase in normal and preeclamptic placentas","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soc Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1261","first-page":"1","article-title":"peroxidase polymorphism is associated with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"25","author":"Pera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis"},{"key":"ref1941","first-page":"338","article-title":"An investigation of antioxidant status repair capacity and mutation as a function of age in humans Mutation","author":"Barnett","year":"1995","journal-title":"DNA Res"},{"key":"ref3051","first-page":"128","article-title":"Reduced mitochondrial SOD displays mortality characteristics reminiscent of natural","author":"Paul","year":"2007","journal-title":"aging Mech Aging"},{"key":"ref1461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00293.x","article-title":"What and when of cognitive","volume":"13","author":"Salthouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"aging Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref1591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7631","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-20-07631.2000","article-title":"Impairment of long - term potentiation and associative memory in mice that overexpress extracellular superoxide dismutase","volume":"20","author":"Thiels","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1999.660639.x","article-title":"Manganese - containing superoxide dismutase signal sequence polymorphism associated with sporadic motor neuron disease","author":"Landeghem","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref1071","first-page":"637","article-title":"Modification of brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders by genes diet behavior","author":"Mattson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev"},{"key":"ref2911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431","author":"Meister","year":"1983","journal-title":"Glutathione Ann Rev Biochem"},{"key":"ref301","first-page":"1","article-title":"transferase polymorphisms and lung cancer : a literature - based systematic HuGE meta","author":"Carlsten","year":"2008","journal-title":"review analysis Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref3281","first-page":"431","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and synaptic plasticity in the aging Ageing","author":"Serrano","year":"2004","journal-title":"hippocampus Res Rev"},{"key":"ref2381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00966.2005","article-title":"coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension stroke Alzheimer disease","author":"Girouard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref2101","first-page":"1","article-title":"transferase polymorphisms and lung cancer : a literature - based systematic HuGE meta","author":"Carlsten","year":"2008","journal-title":"review analysis Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref2841","first-page":"827","article-title":"Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative and diseases an overview","author":"Mariani","year":"2005","journal-title":"brain aging vascular Chromatogr"},{"key":"ref931","first-page":"297","article-title":"von Variability in cognitive aging from taxonomy to theory Lifespan Change New York University","author":"Lindenberger","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2981","first-page":"1452","article-title":"Evaluation of markers of oxidative stress antioxidant function and astrocytic proliferation in the striatum and frontal cortex of Parkinson s disease brains","author":"Mythri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"37","article-title":"cerebral microvascular pathology in ageing","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Review neurodegeneration Appl"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"Mini - mental state a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref2201","first-page":"649","article-title":"Dringen functions of glutathione in","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism brain Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref1471","first-page":"308","article-title":"Extension of murine life span by overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria","author":"Schriner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2007.00283.x","article-title":"Calcium homeostasis and modulation of synaptic plasticity in the aged","author":"Foster","year":"2007","journal-title":"brain Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref3201","first-page":"142","article-title":"iron metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Rouault","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Neurol"},{"key":"ref1491","first-page":"289","article-title":"Antioxidant role of glutathione transferases protection against oxidant toxicity and regulation of stress - mediated apoptosis Signal","author":"Sharma","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2321","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interactions of interleukin with neurotrophic factors in the central nervous system","author":"Friedman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref1391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01661-1","article-title":"Interleukin in the biology therapeutic target","volume":"23","author":"Rothwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"brain pathology Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref1991","first-page":"546","article-title":"Mitochondria from females exhibit higher antioxidant gene expression and lower oxidative damage than males Free Radical","author":"Borr\u00e1s","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Aging"},{"key":"ref1571","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genetic variant in glutathione peroxidase gene is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease in a Chinese population","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref3411","first-page":"53","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide induces nuclear translocation of apoptosis in cells of oligodendroglia origin","author":"Uberti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"ref3001","first-page":"107","article-title":"Signatures of hippocampal oxidative stress in aged spatial learning - impaired rodents","author":"Nicolle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"ref551","first-page":"454","article-title":"Neuronal damage cognitive impairment and \u03b1 tocopherol The Encyclopedia of Vitamin CAB International pp","author":"Fukui","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"338","article-title":"An investigation of antioxidant status repair capacity and mutation as a function of age in humans Mutation","author":"Barnett","year":"1995","journal-title":"DNA Res"},{"key":"ref3531","first-page":"53","article-title":"injury in multiple sclerosis a role for","author":"Wosik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"359","article-title":"Age - related variations of enzymatic defenses against free radicals and peroxides Free Radical","author":"Artur","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref3231","first-page":"217","article-title":"Regulation of the aging process by Trends","volume":"15","author":"Salminen","year":"2009","journal-title":"autophagy Mol Med"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"36","article-title":"Anatomical mapping of white matter hyperintensities wmh exploring the relationships between periventricular deep and total WMH burden","author":"DeCarli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref2041","first-page":"17","article-title":"model for the coupling between cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism during neural stimulation Flow","author":"Buxton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref1221","first-page":"87","article-title":"Tank magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation","author":"Ogawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref1151","first-page":"186","article-title":"resonance imaging determinants of intraindividual variability in the elderly : combined analysis of grey and white matter","author":"Moy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magnetic Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref2051","first-page":"246","article-title":"Modified card sorting test normative data","volume":"26","author":"Caffarra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp"},{"key":"ref3161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/364362c0","article-title":"Mutations in Cu Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","author":"Rosen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref481","first-page":"500","article-title":"and de Faire common functional CT substitution polymorphism in the promoter region of the human catalase gene influences transcription factor binding reporter gene transcription and is correlated to blood catalase levels Free Radical","volume":"30","author":"Forsberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref2351","first-page":"454","article-title":"Neuronal damage cognitive impairment and \u03b1 tocopherol The Encyclopedia of Vitamin CAB International pp","author":"Fukui","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl254","article-title":"Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness : methodological issues and clinical applications","volume":"27","author":"Laurent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref2571","first-page":"386","article-title":"Genetic influences on oxidative stress and their association with normal cognitive ageing","author":"Kachiwala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref971","first-page":"429","article-title":"regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene brain Nature"},{"key":"ref1721","first-page":"770","article-title":"polymorphism in SOD is associated with development of Alzheimer s disease Genes and","author":"Wiener","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Behavior"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"978","article-title":"and a Oxidative changes and possible effects of polymorphism of antioxidant enzymes in neurodegenerative disease Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System book ed ISBN Published under BY license","volume":"15","author":"Babusikova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medicine Neurodegenerative Diseases"},{"key":"ref1601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.041","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging detects early Wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract after ischemic stroke","volume":"22","author":"Thomalla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref2741","first-page":"483","article-title":"Del Effect of liver cirrhosis and age on the glutathione concentration in the plasma erythrocytes and gastric mucosa of man Free Radical","volume":"20","author":"Loguercio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref771","first-page":"386","article-title":"Genetic influences on oxidative stress and their association with normal cognitive ageing","author":"Kachiwala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref781","first-page":"466","article-title":"Neural and vascular variability and the fMRI BOLD response in normal aging Magnet Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Kannurpatti","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl254","article-title":"Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness : methodological issues and clinical applications","volume":"27","author":"Laurent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref271","first-page":"903","article-title":"endothelium is a site of free radical production and inflammation in areas of neuronal loss in thiamine - deficient","author":"Calingasan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vascular brain Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"21","article-title":"Oxidative stress and superoxide dismutase in development gene regulation","author":"Allen","year":"1998","journal-title":"aging Age"},{"key":"ref651","first-page":"325","article-title":"Deary genetic association analysis of cognitive ability and cognitive ageing using markers for genes associated with oxidative stress or cognition","author":"Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"key":"ref2231","first-page":"155","article-title":"Mechanical properties of normal and diseased cerebrovascular system","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref2941","first-page":"9","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide induces rapid digestion of oligodendrocyte chromatin into high molecular weight fragments","volume":"38","author":"Mouzannar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int"},{"key":"ref1831","first-page":"21","article-title":"Oxidative stress and superoxide dismutase in development gene regulation","author":"Allen","year":"1998","journal-title":"aging Age"},{"key":"ref1811","first-page":"133","article-title":"Absolute diffusivities define the landscape of white matter degeneration in Alzheimer s disease","author":"Acosta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"108","article-title":"Regulation of neuronal glutathione synthesis","author":"Aoyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref2801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.06.011","article-title":"Intra - individual variability in behavior : links to brain structure neurotransmission and neuronal activity","volume":"29","author":"MacDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340416","article-title":"Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA shows marked age dependent increases in human","author":"Mecocci","year":"1993","journal-title":"brain Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref2521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00214-8","article-title":"cell type - specific responses to menadione - induced oxidative stress Free and","volume":"28","author":"Hollensworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radical Biology Medicine"},{"key":"ref241","first-page":"17","article-title":"model for the coupling between cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism during neural stimulation Flow","author":"Buxton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref1581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.4.432","article-title":"De De do Dos and da Is the manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism associated with the aging process","volume":"16","author":"Taufer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref3521","first-page":"770","article-title":"polymorphism in SOD is associated with development of Alzheimer s disease Genes and","author":"Wiener","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Behavior"},{"key":"ref2191","first-page":"36","article-title":"Anatomical mapping of white matter hyperintensities wmh exploring the relationships between periventricular deep and total WMH burden","author":"DeCarli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref2341","first-page":"239","article-title":"cardiovascular disease","author":"Fukai","year":"2002","journal-title":"superoxide dismutase Res"},{"key":"ref621","first-page":"37","article-title":"Biological variability of superoxide dismutase glutathione peroxidase and catalase in blood","author":"Guemouri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref1731","first-page":"53","article-title":"injury in multiple sclerosis a role for","author":"Wosik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem"},{"key":"ref2081","first-page":"2313","article-title":"Oxidative stress inflammaging immunosenescence","author":"Cannizzo","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref1881","first-page":"166","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of targeting hydrogen peroxide metabolism in the treatment of brain ischaemia","author":"Armogida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref3251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100444","article-title":"disturbed interplay between autophagy inflammasomes","author":"Salminen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref2531","first-page":"53","article-title":"St Manganese superoxide dismutase versus the mitochondrial center","author":"Holley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00966.2005","article-title":"coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension stroke Alzheimer disease","author":"Girouard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref231","first-page":"545","article-title":"Sultana Oxidative stress in Alzheimer s disease new insights from redox proteomics of","author":"Butterfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"brain European journal pharmacology"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.03.024","article-title":"Classification of white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in elderly persons","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref1361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/364362c0","article-title":"Mutations in Cu Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","author":"Rosen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00293.x","article-title":"What and when of cognitive","volume":"13","author":"Salthouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"aging Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref561","first-page":"1327","article-title":"related total gray matter and white matter changes in normal adult brain Part volumetric MR imaging analysis","volume":"23","author":"Grossman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Age Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"166","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of targeting hydrogen peroxide metabolism in the treatment of brain ischaemia","author":"Armogida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref3181","first-page":"265","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the human","author":"Ross","year":"2001","journal-title":"brain Anat Record"},{"key":"ref1441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3282f945d5","article-title":"matter hyperintensities in mid - adult life in","volume":"21","author":"Sachdev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current opinion psychiatry"},{"key":"ref2111","first-page":"262","article-title":"anov The promoter polymorphism of the catalase gene is associated with diabetic neuropathy in type diabetic Russian patients","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"ref2011","first-page":"37","article-title":"cerebral microvascular pathology in ageing","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Review neurodegeneration Appl"},{"key":"ref1551","first-page":"39","article-title":"High prevalence of white matter hyperintensities in normal aging relation to blood pressure and","author":"S\u00f6derlund","year":"2003","journal-title":"cognition Cortex"},{"key":"ref3221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.030","article-title":"Regional white matter volume differences in nondemented aging and Alzheimer s disease","author":"Salat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref1041","first-page":"827","article-title":"Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative and diseases an overview","author":"Mariani","year":"2005","journal-title":"brain aging vascular Chromatogr"},{"key":"ref1141","first-page":"9","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide induces rapid digestion of oligodendrocyte chromatin into high molecular weight fragments","volume":"38","author":"Mouzannar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int"},{"key":"ref431","first-page":"155","article-title":"Mechanical properties of normal and diseased cerebrovascular system","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref871","first-page":"7","article-title":"- associated cardiovascular changes in health impact on cardiovascular disease in older persons","author":"Lakatta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Age Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"ref2761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00214.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress in ischemia","author":"Love","year":"1999","journal-title":"brain Brain Pathol"},{"key":"ref921","first-page":"443","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref1611","first-page":"53","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide induces nuclear translocation of apoptosis in cells of oligodendroglia origin","author":"Uberti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"ref371","first-page":"505","article-title":"de cholesterol in aging and disease in the Future","author":"Chaves","year":"2008","journal-title":"brain Lipidol"},{"key":"ref1691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21040","article-title":"Age - dependent modulation of hippocampal long - term potentiation by antioxidant enzymes","author":"Watson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"}],"container-title":["Reviews in the Neurosciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/revneuro-2014-0046\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T21:59:25Z","timestamp":1717279165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/revneuro-2014-0046\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"references-count":346,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/revneuro-2014-0046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-0200","0334-1763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2191-0200","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0334-1763","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]}}}