{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:21:57Z","timestamp":1790000517206,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is increasingly being used to affect the neurological conditions with deficient intracortical synaptic activities (i.e. Parkinson\u2019s disease and epilepsy). In addition, it is suggested that the lasting effects of tDCS on corticospinal excitability (CSE) have intracortical origin. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine whether tDCS has any effect on intracortical circuits. Eleven electronic databases were searched for the studies investigating intracortical changes induced by anodal (a) and cathodal (c) tDCS, in healthy individuals, using two paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigms: short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF). Additionally, motor-evoked potential (MEP) size alterations, assessed by single-pulse TMS, were extracted from these studies to investigate the probable intracortical origin of tDCS effects on CSE. The methodological quality of included studies was examined using Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) and Downs and Black\u2019s (D&amp;B) assessment tools. Thirteen research papers, including 24 experiments, were included in this study scoring good and medium quality in PEDro and D&amp;B scales, respectively. Immediately following anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) applications, we found significant decreases in SICI, but increases in ICF and MEP size. However, ICF and MEP size significantly decreased, and SICI increased immediately following cathodal tDCS (c-tDCS). The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis reveal that a-tDCS changes intracortical activities (SICI and ICF) toward facilitation, whereas c-tDCS alters them toward inhibition. It can also be concluded that increases and decreases in CSE after tDCS application are associated with corresponding changes in intracortical activities. The results suggest that tDCS can be clinically useful to modulate intracortical circuits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]],"date-time":"2017-08-18T10:01:18Z","timestamp":1503050478000},"page":"99-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on short-interval intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Mana","family":"Biabani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Aminitehrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Zoghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shapour","family":"Jaberzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref281","first-page":"1","article-title":"Different current intensities of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation do not differentially modulate motor cortex plasticity","volume":"2013","year":"2013a","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.027","article-title":"How inhibition shapes cortical activity","volume":"72","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans","volume":"553","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-01-00438.2000","article-title":"Long-term depression and depotentiation in the sensorimotor cortex of the freely moving rat","volume":"20","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in metaanalyses","volume":"327","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref981","first-page":"2000","article-title":"Modulation of intracortical inhibition and facilitation of motor cortex through transcranial direct current stimulation","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering, IEEE\/ICME"},{"key":"ref971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008","volume":"1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03398.x","article-title":"GABAergic modulation of DC stimulation-induced motor cortex excitability shifts in humans","volume":"19","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref931","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008","volume":"1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baga.2015.12.002","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation as treatment for Parkinson\u2019s disease and other movement disorders","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basal Ganglia"},{"key":"ref271","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plot Digitizer 2.5.1."},{"key":"ref861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019912","article-title":"Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex","volume":"471","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref851","first-page":"1","article-title":"Induction of cortical plasticity and improved motor performance following unilateral and bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex","volume":"14","year":"2013b","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"ref951","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03398.x","article-title":"GABAergic modulation of DC stimulation-induced motor cortex excitability shifts in humans","volume":"19","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref1051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4432-08.2009","article-title":"Polarity-sensitive modulation of cortical neurotransmitters by transcranial stimulation","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref561","volume-title":"Brain Stimulation: Chapter 39","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref1011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945902250039","article-title":"Assessing the methodological quality of nonrandomized intervention studies","volume":"25","year":"2003","journal-title":"West J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00608.2009","article-title":"Time course of the induction of homeostatic plasticity generated by repeated transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"105","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref831","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plot Digitizer 2.5.1."},{"key":"ref871","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf238","article-title":"Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability","volume":"125","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref01","volume-title":"Brain Stimulation: Chapter 39","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref1091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12565","article-title":"Evidence for increased motor cortical facilitation and decreased inhibition in atypical depression","volume":"134","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref721","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stroke rehabilitation evidence-based review: methodology","volume":"10","year":"2003","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00318.x","article-title":"Early and late intracortical inhibition in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"41","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.6.2870","article-title":"Intracortical inhibition and facilitation in different representations of the human motor cortex","volume":"80","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baga.2015.12.002","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation as treatment for Parkinson\u2019s disease and other movement disorders","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basal Ganglia"},{"key":"ref701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1301-1","article-title":"Spinal cord injury rehabilitation evidence: methods of the SCIRE systematic review","volume":"13","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref1021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5316-03.2004","article-title":"Preconditioning of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence for homeostatic plasticity in the human motor cortex","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.03.028","article-title":"Cumulative effects of anodal and priming cathodal tDCS on pegboard test performance and motor cortical excitability","volume":"287","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","article-title":"The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions","volume":"52","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.021","article-title":"Evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) generates little-to-no reliable neurophysiologic effect beyond MEP amplitude modulation in healthy human subjects: a systematic review","volume":"66","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref661","year":"2010","journal-title":"Statistical Algorithms in Review Manager 5, Cochrane Collaboration"},{"key":"ref891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","article-title":"Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials","volume":"83","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00318.x","article-title":"Early and late intracortical inhibition in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"41","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","article-title":"The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions","volume":"52","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref1101","first-page":"339","article-title":"Brain stimulation for the treatment of pain: a review of costs, clinical effects, and mechanisms of treatment for three different central neuromodulatory approaches","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pain Manag."},{"key":"ref1071","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of anodal-tDCS on corticospinal excitability enhancement and its after-effects: conventional vs","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"unihemispheric concurrent dual-site stimulation. Front Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4016-8","article-title":"Anodal-tDCS applied during unilateral strength training increases strength and corticospinal excitability in the untrained homologous muscle","volume":"232","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"1","article-title":"Induction of cortical plasticity and improved motor performance following unilateral and bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex","volume":"14","year":"2013b","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"ref841","first-page":"1","article-title":"Different current intensities of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation do not differentially modulate motor cortex plasticity","volume":"2013","year":"2013a","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref941","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans","volume":"553","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60281-6","article-title":"Evidence for physiotherapy practice: a survey of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro)","volume":"48","year":"2002","journal-title":"Austr. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref1041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614","article-title":"Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"17","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4432-08.2009","article-title":"Polarity-sensitive modulation of cortical neurotransmitters by transcranial stimulation","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050919","article-title":"Intracortical origin of the short latency facilitation produced by pairs of threshold magnetic stimuli applied to human motor cortex","volume":"129","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref541","first-page":"339","article-title":"Brain stimulation for the treatment of pain: a review of costs, clinical effects, and mechanisms of treatment for three different central neuromodulatory approaches","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pain Manag."},{"key":"ref681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0845-4","article-title":"The effects of prolonged cathodal direct current stimulation on the excitatory and inhibitory circuits of the ipsilateral and contralateral motor cortex","volume":"119","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000600","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation prolongs the cross-education of strength and corticomotor plasticity","volume":"47","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00608.2009","article-title":"Time course of the induction of homeostatic plasticity generated by repeated transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"105","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh527","article-title":"Homeostatic-like plasticity of the primary motor hand area is impaired in focal hand dystonia","volume":"128","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.005","article-title":"Consensus paper on short-interval intracortical inhibition and other transcranial magnetic stimulation intracortical paradigms in movement disorders","volume":"1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614","article-title":"Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"17","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2007.03.010","article-title":"Unloaded movement facilitation exercise compared to no exercise or alternative therapy on outcomes for people with nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review","volume":"30","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref1061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/8.8.719","article-title":"Long-term potentiation in the neocortex of the adult, freely moving rat","volume":"8","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.027","article-title":"How inhibition shapes cortical activity","volume":"72","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.6.2870","article-title":"Intracortical inhibition and facilitation in different representations of the human motor cortex","volume":"80","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref551","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in corticomotor excitability and intracortical inhibition of the primary motor cortex forearm area induced by anodal tDCS","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(98)00048-0","article-title":"Changes in motor evoked potentials to short-interval paired transcranial magnetic stimuli in multiple sclerosis","volume":"110","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stroke rehabilitation evidence-based review: methodology","volume":"10","year":"2003","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref221","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.08.029","article-title":"Does anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhance excitability of the motor cortex and motor function in healthy individuals and subjects with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-01-00438.2000","article-title":"Long-term depression and depotentiation in the sensorimotor cortex of the freely moving rat","volume":"20","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"2000","article-title":"Modulation of intracortical inhibition and facilitation of motor cortex through transcranial direct current stimulation","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering, IEEE\/ICME"},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20737","article-title":"Motor cortex abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with transcranial direct-current stimulation","volume":"35","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in metaanalyses","volume":"327","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.04.010","article-title":"The homeostatic interaction between anodal transcranial direct current stimulation and motor learning in humans is related to GABA(A) activity","volume":"8","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.05.244","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) produces localized and specific alterations in neurochemistry: a 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"500","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050919","article-title":"Intracortical origin of the short latency facilitation produced by pairs of threshold magnetic stimuli applied to human motor cortex","volume":"129","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06090.x","article-title":"Premotor transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) affects primary motor excitability in humans","volume":"27","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref751","first-page":"146","article-title":"Differential behavioral and physiological effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in healthy adults of younger and older age","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(98)00048-0","article-title":"Changes in motor evoked potentials to short-interval paired transcranial magnetic stimuli in multiple sclerosis","volume":"110","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh527","article-title":"Homeostatic-like plasticity of the primary motor hand area is impaired in focal hand dystonia","volume":"128","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.04.010","article-title":"The homeostatic interaction between anodal transcranial direct current stimulation and motor learning in humans is related to GABA(A) activity","volume":"8","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.03.028","article-title":"Cumulative effects of anodal and priming cathodal tDCS on pegboard test performance and motor cortical excitability","volume":"287","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730","article-title":"Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans","volume":"591","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12565","article-title":"Evidence for increased motor cortical facilitation and decreased inhibition in atypical depression","volume":"134","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref1031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2007.03.010","article-title":"Unloaded movement facilitation exercise compared to no exercise or alternative therapy on outcomes for people with nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review","volume":"30","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.004","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in response to non-invasive brain stimulation paradigms","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0845-4","article-title":"The effects of prolonged cathodal direct current stimulation on the excitatory and inhibitory circuits of the ipsilateral and contralateral motor cortex","volume":"119","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref1081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13229","article-title":"Unihemispheric concurrent dual-site cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation: the effects on corticospinal excitability","volume":"43","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017626","article-title":"Electric and magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex: surface EMG and single motor unit responses","volume":"412","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref961","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.092429","article-title":"Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"568","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20737","article-title":"Motor cortex abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with transcranial direct-current stimulation","volume":"35","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000600","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation prolongs the cross-education of strength and corticomotor plasticity","volume":"47","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref101","year":"2010","journal-title":"Statistical Algorithms in Review Manager 5, Cochrane Collaboration"},{"key":"ref811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.021","article-title":"Evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) generates little-to-no reliable neurophysiologic effect beyond MEP amplitude modulation in healthy human subjects: a systematic review","volume":"66","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4016-8","article-title":"Anodal-tDCS applied during unilateral strength training increases strength and corticospinal excitability in the untrained homologous muscle","volume":"232","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.005","article-title":"Consensus paper on short-interval intracortical inhibition and other transcranial magnetic stimulation intracortical paradigms in movement disorders","volume":"1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.004","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in response to non-invasive brain stimulation paradigms","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.092429","article-title":"Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"568","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017626","article-title":"Electric and magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex: surface EMG and single motor unit responses","volume":"412","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60281-6","article-title":"Evidence for physiotherapy practice: a survey of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro)","volume":"48","year":"2002","journal-title":"Austr. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019912","article-title":"Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex","volume":"471","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5316-03.2004","article-title":"Preconditioning of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence for homeostatic plasticity in the human motor cortex","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730","article-title":"Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans","volume":"591","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.05.244","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) produces localized and specific alterations in neurochemistry: a 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"500","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref191","first-page":"146","article-title":"Differential behavioral and physiological effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in healthy adults of younger and older age","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1301-1","article-title":"Spinal cord injury rehabilitation evidence: methods of the SCIRE systematic review","volume":"13","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","article-title":"Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials","volume":"83","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref511","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of anodal-tDCS on corticospinal excitability enhancement and its after-effects: conventional vs","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"unihemispheric concurrent dual-site stimulation. Front Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.08.029","article-title":"Does anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhance excitability of the motor cortex and motor function in healthy individuals and subjects with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13229","article-title":"Unihemispheric concurrent dual-site cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation: the effects on corticospinal excitability","volume":"43","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf238","article-title":"Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability","volume":"125","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref781","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945902250039","article-title":"Assessing the methodological quality of nonrandomized intervention studies","volume":"25","year":"2003","journal-title":"West J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref1111","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in corticomotor excitability and intracortical inhibition of the primary motor cortex forearm area induced by anodal tDCS","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06090.x","article-title":"Premotor transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) affects primary motor excitability in humans","volume":"27","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/8.8.719","article-title":"Long-term potentiation in the neocortex of the adult, freely moving rat","volume":"8","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"}],"container-title":["Reviews in the Neurosciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/revneuro.2018.29.issue-1\/revneuro-2017-0023\/revneuro-2017-0023.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0023\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T03:59:28Z","timestamp":1619063968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0023\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-0200","0334-1763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2191-0200","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0334-1763","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]}}}