{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:56:06Z","timestamp":1790502966490,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sham stimulation is used in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the efficacy of active stimulation and placebo effects. It should mimic the characteristics of active stimulation to achieve blinding integrity. The present study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature to identify the effects of sham transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) \u2013 including anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS, c-tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) and transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) \u2013 on corticospinal excitability (CSE), compared to baseline in healthy individuals. Electronic databases \u2013 PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Science Direct and MEDLINE (Ovid) \u2013 were searched for RCTs of tES from 1990 to March 2017. Thirty RCTs were identified. Using a random-effects model, meta-analysis of a-tDCS, c-tDCS, tACS, tRNS and tPCS studies showed statistically non-significant pre-post effects of sham interventions on CSE. This review found evidence for statically non-significant effects of sham tES on CSE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,10]],"date-time":"2017-09-10T10:01:59Z","timestamp":1505037719000},"page":"223-232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Sham transcranial electrical stimulation and its effects on corticospinal excitability: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Thusharika D.","family":"Dissanayaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Zoghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary F.","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shapour","family":"Jaberzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref571","first-page":"167","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation in the low kHz range increases motor cortex excitability","volume":"29","year":"2011a","journal-title":"Restor. 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Physiol."},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00066-1","article-title":"Increasing uncertainty in CNS clinical trials: the role of placebo, nocebo, and Hawthorne effects","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003","article-title":"Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): a tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation","volume":"117","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","article-title":"A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools","volume":"127","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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