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A systematic search of 10 databases was performed and 19 research papers, including 21 experimental studies, were identified. Potential risks of bias were addressed in all of the studies, however, not in a rigorous and structured manner. In the data collection phase, unclear methods of randomization, various lengths of washout period, and inconsistency in the counteracting period effect can be observed. In the analytical procedures, the stratification by sequence group was often ignored, and data were treated as if it belongs to a simple repeated-measures design. An inappropriate use of crossover design can seriously affect the findings and therefore the conclusions drawn from tDCS studies on motor learning. The results indicate a pressing need for the development of detailed guidelines for this type of studies to benefit from the advantages of a crossover design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]],"date-time":"2017-12-13T02:58:33Z","timestamp":1513133913000},"page":"463-473","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Crossover design in transcranial direct current stimulation studies on motor learning: potential pitfalls and difficulties in interpretation of findings"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Mana","family":"Biabani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine , Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Frankston, Melbourne, Victoria 3199 , Australia"},{"name":"Monash Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Zoghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Physiotherapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health , La Trobe University , Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3086 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shapour","family":"Jaberzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine , Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Frankston, Melbourne, Victoria 3199 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024070211330651917_j_revneuro-2017-0056_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amadi, U., Allman, C., Johansen-Berg, H., and Stagg, C.J. 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