{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T06:05:16Z","timestamp":1781762716166,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":426,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditionally, multiple sclerosis (MS) was considered to be a CD4 T cell-mediated CNS autoimmunity, compatible with experimental autoimmune encephalitis model, which can be characterized by focal lesions in the white matter. However, studies of recent decades revealed several missing pieces of MS puzzle and showed that MS pathogenesis is more complex than the traditional view and may include the following: a primary degenerative process (e.g. oligodendroglial pathology), generalized abnormality of normal-appearing brain tissue, pronounced gray matter pathology, involvement of innate immunity, and CD8 T cells and B cells. Here, we review these findings and discuss their implications in MS pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2018-0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T22:17:31Z","timestamp":1528496251000},"page":"67-83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: missing pieces of an old puzzle"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Rahmanzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Br\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Minagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Sahraian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref3331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12099","article-title":"The pathology of an autoimmune astrocytopathy: lessons learned from neuromyelitis optica","volume":"24","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref1041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh641","article-title":"Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis","volume":"128","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.07.024","article-title":"CCL19 is constitutively expressed in the CNS, up-regulated in neuroinflammation, active and also inactive multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"190","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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