{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:46:27Z","timestamp":1777941987097,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Estimates of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) range between 46% and 90%, the accuracy of diagnosis dependent on prolonged clinical observation and clinical response to levodopa. For this reason, we need reliable diagnostic biomarkers. The cardinal hallmark of PD is alpha-synuclein aggregation in the brain. Demonstrating pathological alpha-synuclein in live patients would be useful for identifying and monitoring PD patients. By autopsy studies and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies, the presence of alpha-synuclein has been demonstrated even outside the central nervous system and the gastro-enteric tract appears to be the most promising candidate tissue for biopsy-taking and the esophagus and salivary glands appear to be the area with the highest concentration of alpha-synuclein. The purpose of our study is to conduct a review to determine the utility of salivary gland biopsy for the histological diagnosis of PD. A computerized medline study was carried out through the use of pubmed: using the MeSH terms: \u2018salivary gland biopsy for PD\u2019, \u2018PD and dysphagia\u2019, \u2018alpha-synuclein and salivary gland\u2019. We found 9 articles about minor salivary glands and submandibular gland biopsy for diagnosis of PD. According to the results of this review, the submandibular gland biopsy is the test with the increased sensitivity and specificity compared to the biopsy of the minor salivary glands (sensitivity: 0.85 and 0.37 respectability and specificity: 0.96 and 0.94 respectively). New studies are necessary on a wider population to confirm these results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2018-0064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,24]],"date-time":"2018-11-24T09:02:19Z","timestamp":1543050139000},"page":"455-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Alpha-synuclein in salivary gland as biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Flaminia","family":"Campo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Organi di Senso , \u201cSapienza\u201d Universit\u00e0 di Roma , Viale del Policlinico 155 , I-00161 Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Carletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche , Oncologiche e Anatomopatologiche, \u201cSapienza\u201d Universit\u00e0 di Roma , Viale Regina Elena 324 , I-00161 Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Fusconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Organi di Senso , \u201cSapienza\u201d Universit\u00e0 di Roma , Viale del Policlinico 155 , I-00161 Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clelia","family":"Pellicano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Salute Mentale e Organi di Senso , \u201cSapienza\u201d Universit\u00e0 di Roma , Via di Grottarossa 1035 , I-00189 Rome , Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS \u201cFondazione Santa Lucia\u201d , Via Ardeatina 306 , I-00179 Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco E.","family":"Pontieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Salute Mentale e Organi di Senso , \u201cSapienza\u201d Universit\u00e0 di Roma , Via di Grottarossa 1035 , I-00189 Rome , Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS \u201cFondazione Santa Lucia\u201d , Via Ardeatina 306 , I-00179 Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cira R.","family":"Di Gioia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche , Oncologiche e Anatomopatologiche, \u201cSapienza\u201d Universit\u00e0 di Roma , Viale Regina Elena 324 , I-00161 Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"de Vincentiis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Organi di Senso , \u201cSapienza\u201d Universit\u00e0 di Roma , Viale del Policlinico 155 , I-00161 Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024080910125758198_j_revneuro-2018-0064_ref_001_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1b9b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler, C.H., Dugger, B.N., Hinni, M.L., Lott, D.G., Driver-Dunckley, E., Hidalgo, J., Henry-Watson, J., Serrano, G., Sue, L.I., Nagel, T., et al. 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