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The present study is a literature review of articles published between the years 2008 and 2018 on the theme \u2018crack cocaine and brain\u2019 available in PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google scholar databases. The results show that the use of crack cocaine induces important behavioral, neuroanatomical, and biochemical alterations. The main behavioral sequelae include cognitive and emotional changes, such as increased anxiety and depressive symptoms, attention and memory deficits, and hyperactivity. Among the neurobiological alterations are reductions in the activity of the prefrontal, anterior cingulate cortex, and nucleus accumbens. Molecular changes include decreases in neurotrophic factors and increases in oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, which may be responsible for the morphological alterations observed. It is also hypothesized that these neurobiological changes might explain the emotional and cognitive dysfunctions experienced by crack cocaine addicts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2018-0118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,26]],"date-time":"2019-05-26T09:30:22Z","timestamp":1558863022000},"page":"59-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Behavioral and neurobiological alterations induced by chronic use of crack cocaine"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara dos Anjos","family":"Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioci\u00eancias , Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Silva Jardim, 136 , 11015-20 Santos SP , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima Santana","family":"de Nazar\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioci\u00eancias , Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Silva Jardim, 136 , 11015-20 Santos SP , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora","family":"Estadella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioci\u00eancias , Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Silva Jardim, 136 , 11015-20 Santos SP , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Araki","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioci\u00eancias , Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Silva Jardim, 136 , 11015-20 Santos SP , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena de Barros","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioci\u00eancias , Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Silva Jardim, 136 , 11015-20 Santos SP , Brazil , e-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023040101454490478_j_revneuro-2018-0118_ref_001_w2aab3b7c16b1b6b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adinoff, B. 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