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Interestingly, these motor disabilities can depend on the patient emotional state. Disabled PD patients remain able to produce normal motor responses in the context of urgent or externally driven situations or even when exposed to appetitive cues such as\u00a0music. To describe this phenomenon Souques coined the\u00a0term \u201cparadoxical kinesia\u201d a century ago. Since then, the mechanisms underlying paradoxical kinesia are still unknown due to a paucity of valid animal models that replicate this phenomenon. To overcome this limitation, we established two animal models of paradoxical kinesia. Using these models, we investigated the neural mechanisms of paradoxical kinesia, with the results pointing to\u00a0the inferior colliculus (IC) as a key structure. Intracollicular electrical deep brain stimulation, glutamatergic and GABAergic mechanisms may be involved in the elaboration of paradoxical kinesia. Since paradoxical kinesia might work by activation of some alternative pathway bypassing basal ganglia, we suggest the IC as a candidate to be part of this pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2023-0010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T18:50:30Z","timestamp":1679165430000},"page":"775-799","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Paradoxical kinesia may no longer be a paradox waiting for 100 years to be unraveled"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0313-3055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liana","family":"Melo-Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology , Philipps-University of Marburg , Gutenbergstra\u00dfe 18 , 35032 Marburg , Germany"},{"name":"Marburg Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (MCMBB) , Hans-Meerwein-Stra\u00dfe 6, 35032 Marburg , Germany"},{"name":"Behavioral Neurosciences Institute (INeC) , Av. do Caf\u00e9, 2450, Monte Alegre, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, 14050-220 , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer K. 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