{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:45:07Z","timestamp":1775803507734,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_rir-2026-0002_s_007\">\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations are common, heterogeneous and severe in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, with attribution to SLE remaining diagnostically challenging. Traditional classification focuses on clinical syndromes, overlooking neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) immunological heterogeneity. To address the heterogeneity of NPSLE, this study aimed to delineate distinct disease subgroups by clustering patients based on their antibody profiles. These subgroups were then evaluated for diferences in clinical presentation and prognosis, to better characterize disease subsets and support individualized approaches to diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_rir-2026-0002_s_008\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective single-center study included hospitalized SLE patients with NP manifestations, collecting demographic, clinical and laboratory data. Patients were classified as NPSLE or non-NPSLE by clinical judgment after excluding alternative causes. Hierarchical cluster analysis explored autoantibody-clinical feature associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_rir-2026-0002_s_009\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 167 patients analyzed, 152 had NP manifestations attributed to SLE. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement was predominant (89.1%), with seizures, cerebrovascular disease, acute confusional state (ACS), and demyelinating syndrome being most prevalent manifestations. Hierarchical clustering of 152 NPSLE patients identified two subgroups: Cluster 1 (23.7%) demonstrated cerebrovascular injury as the predominant manifestation, with higher positivity rates of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLs) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01) and a higher incidence of cerebrovascular disease (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). Cluster 2 (76.3%) showed immune-mediated inflammatory profile, with higher positivity of anti-SSA (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01), antidsDNA (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), and anti-RiboP antibodies (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Neurological involvement predominantly manifesting as ACS (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), accompanied by a higher frequency of fever and joint involvement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_rir-2026-0002_s_010\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, NPSLE exhibited distinct serological profiles and segregated into two immunologically defined clusters, reflecting its clinical and biological heterogeneity, and suggesting that immunological profiling may enhance precise classification and personalized management of affected patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/rir-2026-0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1775799913000},"page":"14-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus subtypes identified by unsupervised clustering: A single-center cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Weiting","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiuliang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"},{"name":"National 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Immunology, Ministry of Education , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology , Beijing , China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Beijing , China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology , Beijing , China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Beijing , China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manqing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4642-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shangzhu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology , Beijing , China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Beijing , China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3883-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology , Beijing , China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Beijing , China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education , Beijing , 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