{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T23:47:53Z","timestamp":1771372073619,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2020-0076_s_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental pain is a commonly used method to draw conclusions about the motor response to clinical musculoskeletal pain. A systematic review was performed to determine if current models of acute experimental pain validly replicate the clinical experience of appendicular musculoskeletal pain with respect to the distribution and quality of pain and the pain response to provocation testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2020-0076_s_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured search of Medline, Scopus and Embase databases was conducted from database inception to August 2020 using the following key terms: \u201cexperimental muscle pain\u201d OR \u201cexperimental pain\u201d OR \u201cpain induced\u201d OR \u201cinduced pain\u201d OR \u201cmuscle hyperalgesia\u201c OR (\u201cPain model\u201d AND \u201cmuscle\u201d). Studies in English were included if investigators induced experimental musculoskeletal pain into a limb (including the sacroiliac joint) in humans, and if they measured and reported the distribution of pain, quality of pain or response to a provocation manoeuvre performed passively or actively. Studies were excluded if they involved prolonged or delayed experimental pain, if temporomandibular, orofacial, lumbar, thoracic or cervical spine pain were investigated, if a full text of the study was not available or if they were systematic reviews. Two investigators independently screened each title and abstract and each full text paper to determine inclusion in the review. Disagreements were resolved by consensus with a third investigator.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2020-0076_s_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 57 experimental pain studies were included in this review. Forty-six of these studies reported pain distribution, 41 reported pain quality and six detailed the pain response to provocation testing. Hypertonic saline injection was the most common mechanism used to induce pain with 43 studies employing this method. The next most\u00a0common methods were capsaicin injection (5 studies) and electrical stimulation, injection of acidic solution and\u00a0ischaemia with three studies each. The distribution of experimental pain was similar to the area of pain reported in clinical appendicular musculoskeletal conditions. The quality of appendicular musculoskeletal pain was not replicated with the affective component of the McGill Pain\u00a0Questionnaire consistently lower than that typically reported by musculoskeletal pain patients. The response to provocation testing was rarely investigated following experimental pain induction. Based on the limited available data, the increase in pain experienced in clinical populations during provocative maneuvers was not consistently replicated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2020-0076_s_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current acute experimental pain models replicate the distribution but not the quality of chronic clinical appendicular musculoskeletal pain. Limited evidence also indicates that experimentally induced acute pain does not consistently increase with tests known to provoke pain in patients with appendicular musculoskeletal pain. The results of this review question the validity of conclusions drawn from acute experimental pain studies regarding changes in muscle behaviour in response to pain in the clinical setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2020-0076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T07:48:02Z","timestamp":1608623282000},"page":"217-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Acute experimentally-induced pain replicates the distribution but not the quality or behaviour of clinical appendicular musculoskeletal pain. 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