{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:01:35Z","timestamp":1790809295187,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"US Army MRMC"},{"name":"Center for Rehabilitative Sciences Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2021-0139_s_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The population of Americans with limb loss is on the rise, with a different profile than in previous generations (e.g., greater incidence of amputation due to diabetes). This study aimed to identify the key characteristics of phantom limb sensation (PLS) and pain (PLP) in a current sample of Americans with limb loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2021-0139_s_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study is the first large-scale (n=649) study on PLP in the current population of Americans with limb loss. A convenience sample of military and civilian persons missing one or more major limbs was surveyed regarding their health history and experience with phantom limb phenomena.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2021-0139_s_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the participants surveyed, 87% experienced PLS and 82% experienced PLP. PLS and PLP typically first occurred immediately after amputation (47% of cases), but for a small percentage (3\u20134%) onset did not occur until over a year after amputation. Recent PLP severity decreased over time (\u03b2=0.028, 95% CI:\u00a0\u22120.05\u20130.11), but most participants reported PLP even 10\u00a0years after amputation. Higher levels of recent PLP were associated with telescoping (\u03b2=0.123, 95% CI: 0.04\u20130.21) and higher levels of pre-amputation pain (\u03b2=0.104, 95% CI: 0.03\u20130.18). Those with congenitally missing limbs experienced lower levels of recent PLP (t (37.93)=3.93, p&lt;0.01) but there were no consistent differences in PLP between other amputation etiologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2021-0139_s_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phantom limb phenomena are common and enduring. Telescoping and pre-amputation pain are associated with higher PLP. Persons with congenitally missing limbs experience lower levels of PLP than those with amputation(s), yet PLP is common even in this subpopulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2021-0139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T16:01:35Z","timestamp":1631808095000},"page":"125-132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Characteristics of phantom limb pain in U.S. civilians and service members"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) , Durham , NC , USA"},{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimee L.","family":"Alphonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sacha","family":"Finn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briana N.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering , University of New Brunswick , Fredericton , NB , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering , University of New Brunswick , Fredericton , NB , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Hanling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augusta University Medical Center , Augusta , GA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA"},{"name":"Center for the Intrepid, Brooke Army Medical Center , Ft. Sam Houston , TX , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Pasquina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA"},{"name":"University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Foundation Research Institute , Le Bonheur Children\u2019s Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA"},{"name":"Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis , TN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120910033495087_j_sjpain-2021-0139_ref_001","unstructured":"Griffin, SC, Tsao, JW. Phantom limb syndrome: a review of current theories. 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