{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T13:13:43Z","timestamp":1783516423631,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"Stockholm County Council (SOF project) and the Swedish Rheumatism Association"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2022-0112_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Muscle related temporomandibular disorders (myogenous TMD), one of the most common orofacial pain conditions, is characterized by facial pain and often accompanied by jaw movement limitations. Although the underlying biological mechanisms are still unclear, a cluster of proteins and peptides is assumed to\u00a0be involved in the pathophysiology. These proteins and\u00a0peptides may be measured in a simple non-invasive saliva sample. This work investigated whether saliva can be used to sample algogenic substances that can serve as\u00a0molecular biomarkers for TMD myalgia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2022-0112_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Saliva and blood samples were collected from healthy individuals (n=69) and patients diagnosed with TMD myalgia (n=39) according to the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. Unstimulated and stimulated whole, parotid, and sublingual saliva were analysed. The protein profiles were investigated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by identification with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and brain derived neuro-tropic factor (BDNF) were determined using western blotting based technology and multiplex electro-chemiluminescence assay panel. Glutamate, serotonin, and substance p (SP) were determined using commercially available methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2022-0112_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Different saliva collection approaches resulted in\u00a0significant differences in the protein profile as well as in\u00a0the expression of NGF, BDNF, CGRP, SP, and glutamate. Stimulated whole saliva showed least variability in protein concentration (35%) and was correlated to plasma levels of\u00a0glutamate. Unlike SP and glutamate, NGF and BDNF expressed a rhythmic variation in salivary expression with\u00a0higher levels in the morning (p&lt;0.05). Patients with a diagnosis of TMD myalgia had significantly higher levels of salivary glutamate but lower salivary NGF and BDNF compared to controls; in addition, the lower NGF and BDNF levels correlated to psychological dysfunction. The\u00a0quantitative proteomics data revealed 20 proteins that were significantly altered in patients compared to controls. The identified proteins are involved in metabolic processes, immune response, and stress response. Dissimilarities in protein profile and clinical variables were observed between TMD myalgia and myofascial pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2022-0112_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The work highlights the importance of consistency in saliva collection approaches, including the\u00a0timing of the collection. It displayed significant changes in pain specific mediators and protein profile in TMD myalgia and furthermore dissimilarities between subclasses indicating different pathophysiology. After extensive validation, potential salivary biomarkers can be\u00a0combined with clinical features to better understand and diagnose TMD myalgia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2022-0112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T14:41:28Z","timestamp":1665672088000},"page":"3-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Topical review\u00a0\u2013 salivary biomarkers in chronic muscle pain"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hajer","family":"Jasim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastman Institutet, Folktandv\u00e5rden Stockholms L\u00e4n AB , Stockholm , Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Oral Diagnostics & Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neuroscience (SCON) , Huddinge , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070812164359125_j_sjpain-2022-0112_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-de-las-Penas, C, Svensson, P. 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