{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:52:55Z","timestamp":1790668375097,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since 2008, patients have had access to reimbursed analgesics, including opioids, for chronic pain in Norway. There is a need for knowledge on the occurrence and trends over time of substance use disorder (SUD) diagnoses among patients who receive reimbursed opioids for chronic pain. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of SUD diagnoses in patients with chronic pain using reimbursed opioids from 2010 to 2019 in Norway. The secondary aim was to investigate the prevalence of other mental health diagnoses among those receiving reimbursed opioids in the subgroups with and without SUD diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional design utilising data from four Norwegian nationwide registries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The annual number of individuals with SUD diagnoses increased from 377 to 932 from 2010 to 2019, while the annual prevalence of individuals with SUD remained relatively stable at around 5%. There was a higher prevalence for all categories of other mental health diagnoses among individuals with a SUD diagnosis, compared to those without a SUD diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of SUD diagnoses was low in the population using reimbursed opioids for chronic pain in Norway, but the number of patients increased in the study period because the number of individuals receiving reimbursed opioids increased. Patients with a SUD used on average twice the daily doses of opioids compared to patients without a SUD. They were also more likely to have an additional mental health diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2024-0059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T04:14:56Z","timestamp":1734408896000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of substance use disorder diagnoses in patients with chronic pain receiving reimbursed opioids: An epidemiological study of four Norwegian health registries"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Torunn Hatlen","family":"N\u00f8st","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim , Norway"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive care, Clinical Research Facility, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Skurtveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingvild","family":"Odsbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Line","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway"},{"name":"Department for Pain and Complex Disorders, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petter C.","family":"Borchgrevink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway"},{"name":"Department for Pain and Complex Disorders, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marte","family":"Handal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breivik H, Eisenberg E, O\u2019Brien T. The individual and societal burden of chronic pain in Europe: the case for strategic prioritisation and action to improve knowledge and availability of appropriate care. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1229.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1229"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landmark T, Romundstad P, Dale O, Borchgrevink PC, Kaasa S. Estimating the prevalence of chronic pain: validation of recall against longitudinal reporting (the HUNT pain study). Pain. 2012;153(7):1368\u201373.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.02.004"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steingrimsdottir OA, Landmark T, Macfarlane GJ, Nielsen CS. Defining chronic pain in epidemiological studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2017;158(11):2092\u2013107.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001009"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landmark T, Romundstad P, Dale O, Borchgrevink PC, Vatten L, Kaasa S. Chronic pain: one year prevalence and associated characteristics (the HUNT pain study). Scand J Pain. 2013;4(4):182\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2013.07.022"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hylands-White N, Duarte RV, Raphael JH. An overview of treatment approaches for chronic pain management. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(1):29\u201342.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3481-8"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen SP, Vase L, Hooten WM. Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances. Lancet. 2021;397(10289):2082\u201397.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkow N, Benveniste H, McLellan AT. Use and misuse of opioids in chronic pain. Annu Rev Med. 2018;69:451\u201365.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-011817-044739"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vowles KE, McEntee ML, Julnes PS, Frohe T, Ney JP, van der Goes DN. Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis. Pain. 2015;156(4):569\u201376.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460357.01998.f1"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humphreys K, Shover CL, Andrews CM, Bohnert ASB, Brandeau ML, Caulkins JP, et al. Responding to the opioid crisis in North America and beyond: recommendations of the Stanford-Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2022;399(10324):555\u2013604.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02252-2"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voon P, Karamouzian M, Kerr T. Chronic pain and opioid misuse: a review of reviews. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2017;12(1):36.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-017-0120-7"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimas J, Gorfinkel L, Fairbairn N, Amato L, Ahamad K, Nolan S, et al. Strategies to identify patient risks of prescription opioid addiction when initiating opioids for pain: a systematic review. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(5):e193365.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.3365"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Charlson F, Mathers B, Hall WD, Flaxman AD, Johns N, et al. The global epidemiology and burden of opioid dependence: results from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Addiction. 2014;109(8):1320\u201333.","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12551"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamina A, Odsbu I, Borchgrevink PC, Chen LC, Clausen T, Espnes KA, et al. Cohort description: preventing an opioid epidemic in Norway \u2013 focusing on treatment of chronic pain (POINT) \u2013 a national registry-based study. Clin Epidemiol. 2022;14:1477\u201386.","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S382136"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_014","unstructured":"Odsbu I, Handal M, Hjellvik V, Borchgrevink PC, Clausen T, Nesv\u00e5g R, et al. Long-term use of opioids and concomitant use of other habit-forming drugs. Tidsskr Laegeforen. 2022;142(3). 10.4045\/tidsskr.21.0659."},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_015","unstructured":"Skurtveit S, Hjellvik V, Sakshaug S, Borchgrevink PC, Larsen BM, Clausen T, et al. Prescribing of opioids for chronic pain on reimbursable prescription. Tidsskr Laegeforen. 2020;140(15). 10.4045\/tidsskr.20.0153."},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gjerde LC, Skurtveit S, Handal M, Nesv\u00e5g R, Clausen T, Lid TG, et al. Mental disorder prevalence in chronic pain patients using opioid versus non-opioid analgesics: a registry-linkage study. Eur J Pain. 2023;27(7):884\u201395.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2121"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furu K, Wettermark B, Andersen M, Martikainen JE, Almarsdottir AB, S\u00f8rensen HT. The Nordic countries as a cohort for pharmacoepidemiological research. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010;106(2):86\u201394.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2009.00494.x"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakken IJ, Ariansen AMS, Knudsen GP, Johansen KI, Vollset SE. The Norwegian Patient Registry and the Norwegian Registry for Primary Health Care: research potential of two nationwide health-care registries. Scand J Public Health. 2020;48(1):49\u201355.","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494819859737"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_019","unstructured":"The Norwegian Directorate of Health. KUHR-database; 2022 [Available from: https:\/\/www.helsedirektoratet.no\/tema\/statistikk-registre-og-rapporter\/helsedata-og-helseregistre\/kuhr]. Accessed: 10.05.23."},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_020","unstructured":"Statistics Norway. Statistics [Available from: https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/en]. Accessed: 10.05.23."},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_021","unstructured":"The Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Welcome to the Norwegian Prescription Database. [Available from: https:\/\/www.norpd.no\/]. Accessed: 10.05.23."},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_022","unstructured":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. The ATC\/DDD Index. [Available from: https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atc_ddd_index\/]. Accessed: 10.05.023."},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster LR. Risk factors for opioid-use disorder and overdose. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(5):1741\u20138.","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002496"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas KH, Dalili MN, Cheng HY, Dawson S, Donnelly N, Higgins JPT, et al. Prevalence of problematic pharmaceutical opioid use in patients with chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2024;119(11):1904\u201322.","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16616"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vowles KE, Schmidt ZS, Ford CG. Opioid and alcohol misuse in veterans with chronic pain: a risk screening study. J Pain. 2022;23(10):1790\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.06.003"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackey S, Kao MC. Managing twin crises in chronic pain and prescription opioids. BMJ. 2019;364:l917.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l917"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silver ER, Hur C. Gender differences in prescription opioid use and misuse: implications for men\u2019s health and the opioid epidemic. Prev Med. 2020;131:105946.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105946"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn KM, Saunders KW, Rutter CM, Banta-Green CJ, Merrill JO, Sullivan MD, et al. Opioid prescriptions for chronic pain and overdose: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(2):85\u201392.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00006"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballantyne JC, Sullivan MD, Koob GF. Refractory dependence on opioid analgesics. Pain. 2019;160(12):2655\u201360.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001680"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manhapra A, Arias AJ, Ballantyne JC. The conundrum of opioid tapering in long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a commentary. Subst Abus. 2018;39(2):152\u201361.","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2017.1381663"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conway KP, Compton W, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(2):247\u201357.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0211"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakken K, Landheim AS, Vaglum P. Primary and secondary substance misusers: do they differ in substance-induced and substance-independent mental disorders? Alcohol Alcohol. 2003;38(1):54\u20139.","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agg012"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landheim AS, Bakken K, Vaglum P. Gender differences in the prevalence of symptom disorders and personality disorders among poly-substance abusers and pure alcoholics. Substance abusers treated in two counties in Norway. Eur Addict Res. 2003;9(1):8\u201317.","DOI":"10.1159\/000067732"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long EC, Aggen SH, Neale MC, Knudsen GP, Krueger RF, South SC, et al. The association between personality disorders with alcohol use and misuse: a population-based twin study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;174:171\u201380.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.022"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torvik FA, Rosenstr\u00f6m TH, Ystrom E, Tambs K, R\u00f8ysamb E, Czajkowski N, et al. Stability and change in etiological factors for alcohol use disorder and major depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126(6):812\u201322.","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000280"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan MD. Depression effects on long-term prescription opioid use, abuse, and addiction. Clin J Pain. 2018;34(9):878\u201384.","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000603"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glette M, Stiles TC, Borchgrevink PC, Landmark T. The natural course of chronic pain in a general population: stability and change in an eight-wave longitudinal study over four years (the HUNT pain study). J Pain. 2020;21(5\u20136):689\u201399.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.10.008"},{"key":"2025120909540696395_j_sjpain-2024-0059_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svendsen K, Borchgrevink P, Fredheim O, Hamunen K, Mellbye A, Dale O. Choosing the unit of measurement counts: the use of oral morphine equivalents in studies of opioid consumption is a useful addition to defined daily doses. Palliat Med. 2011;25(7):725\u201332.","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216311398300"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/sjpain-2024-0059\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/sjpain-2024-0059\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T11:42:14Z","timestamp":1765280534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/sjpain-2024-0059\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/sjpain-2024-0059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/sjpain-2024-0059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-8879"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-8879","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"article-number":"20240059"}}