{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:35:39Z","timestamp":1777109739748,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cold pressor test, in which subjects immerse part of an extremity in cold water for a specified amount of time, evokes both pain and unpleasantness. As it is low cost and readily available, it is widely used in pain research. However, data on the impact of race, area of exposure, and the effects of instructions are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cold pressure test data were recorded in a mixed Asian and European healthy population. Trial 1 was a randomised crossover trial varying the extent of hand submersion (two fingers, four fingers, and whole hand) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 54). Trial 2 was a randomised cross-sectional design, investigating instructed and non-instructed pain expectations,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 40.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      European subjects tolerated the cold pressor test longer than Asian subjects (116 \u00b1 14 versus 93 \u00b1 36\u2009s,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and fewer subjects withdrew their hand in less than two minutes (9% vs 43%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007). Stimulation area influenced pain tolerance, with more subjects able to maintain two-finger immersion in cold water for 2 min compared to whole-hand immersion (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). The instruction or no instruction did not affect the numeric rating scale when comparing instruction levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.88). Additionally, pain tolerance was not affected either (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cold pressor test is a robust tool across genders, race, and instruction levels. Significant differences were found in pain perception and tolerance across different locations and stimulation intensities. However, instructions in expected pain did not affect the outcomes, reflecting the robustness of the test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2025-0007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T14:05:08Z","timestamp":1758895508000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Robustness of the cold pressor test: Study across geographic locations on pain perception and tolerance"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maria Belen","family":"Garay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis , Alicante , Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasmus","family":"Hagn-Meincke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pancreatic Diseases and Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg , Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoltan","family":"Hajn\u00e1dy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hegyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Misbah","family":"Unnisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology , Hyderabad 500082 , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupjyoti","family":"Talukdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology , Hyderabad 500082 , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imran Khan","family":"Niazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic , Auckland , New Zealand"},{"name":"Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, AUT University , Auckland , New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Amjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic , Auckland , New Zealand"},{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University , 46000 , Islamabad , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soumiya J.","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , 110016 , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pramod","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , 110016 , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"De-Madaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis , Alicante , Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren S.","family":"Olesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pancreatic Diseases and Mech-Sense, 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