{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T13:18:10Z","timestamp":1773235090691,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2025-0057_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Musculoskeletal pain is among the most prevalent types of pain. However, experimental models that induce acute musculoskeletal pain by everyday activities\u00a0\u2013\u00a0on top of sustained daily muscular strain\u00a0\u2013\u00a0in a controlled and moderate manner are still lacking. Such models are essential for investigating underlying mechanisms of musculoskeletal pain and evaluating treatment approaches. The present study proposes a novel experimental model to address this\u00a0gap.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2025-0057_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 43\u00a0pain-free participants completed two motor (lifting objects) and two sensory (hot water immersion, noxious pressure) pain challenges. Participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, who wore a suit that induced widespread muscle strain through limb weights and joint restrictions, or a control group without the suit. Both groups performed the additional pain challenges. Numerical pain ratings, pain-related facial expressions (Facial Action Coding System, FACS), heart rate (HR) and its variability (HRV), as well as electrodermal activity (EDA), were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2025-0057_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wearing the experimental suit to induce muscle strain led to increased pain ratings during motor challenges when further muscle power was required (weightlifting). Additionally, pain-specific facial responses and autonomic markers (heart rate and tonic EDA) were significantly elevated in the experimental group during motor tasks. No significant group differences were observed during the sensory pain challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2025-0057_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study introduces a novel and effective experimental model for inducing acute musculoskeletal pain by applying light weightlifting on top of sustained muscular strain, with both stressors designed to reflect everyday motor activities. This approach offers a promising tool for future research into pain-relieving interventions and the mechanisms of musculoskeletal pain, including studies involving affected patient populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2025-0057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:38:28Z","timestamp":1773160708000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Motor-evoked pain on a background of widespread muscle strain: a novel model simulating everyday activities"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Vivien","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Living Lab for Dementia Research (BamLiD), University of Bamberg , Bamberg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Lautenbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Psychology , University of Augsburg , Augsburg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claus-Christian","family":"Carbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology and Methodology , University of Bamberg , Bamberg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Living Lab for Dementia Research (BamLiD), University of Bamberg , Bamberg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Psychology , University of Augsburg , Augsburg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blyth, FM, Briggs, AM, Schneider, CH, Hoy, DG, March, LM. The global burden of musculoskeletal pain\u00a0\u2013\u00a0where to from here? Am J Public Health 2019;109:35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2018.304747.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304747"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graven-Nielsen, T. Mechanisms and manifestations in musculoskeletal pain: from experimental to clinical pain settings. Pain 2022;163:S29\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002690.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002690"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacIntyre, DL, Reid, WD, McKenzie, DC. Delayed muscle soreness. The inflammatory response to muscle injury and its clinical implications. Sports Med 1995;20:24\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-199520010-00003.","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199520010-00003"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, WY, Blazevich, AJ, Newton, MJ, Wu, SSX, Nosaka, K. Assessment of muscle pain induced by elbow-flexor eccentric exercise. J\u00a0Athl Train 2015;50:1140\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-50.11.05.","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.11.05"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, H, Arendt-Nielsen, L, Madeleine, P, Graven-Nielsen, T. Enhanced temporal summation of pressure pain in the trapezius muscle after delayed onset muscle soreness. Exp Brain Res 2006;170:182\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-005-0196-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0196-6"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, MD, Horn, ME, George, SZ. Exercise-induced pain intensity predicted by pre-exercise fear of pain and pain sensitivity. Clin J Pain 2011;27:398\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31820d9bbf.","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31820d9bbf"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niederstrasser, NG, Slepian, PM, Mankovsky-Arnold, T, Larivi\u00e8re, C, Vlaeyen, JW, Sullivan, MJ. An experimental approach to examining psychological contributions to multisite musculoskeletal pain. J\u00a0Pain 2014;15:1156\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.08.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.08.007"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_008","unstructured":"Dannecker, EA, Koltyn, KF, Riley III, JL, Robinson, ME. Sex differences in delayed onset muscle soreness. J\u00a0Sports Med Phys Fitness 2003;43:78."},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dannecker, EA, Liu, Y, Rector, RS, Thomas, TR, Fillingim, RB, Robinson, ME. Sex differences in exercise-induced muscle pain and muscle damage. J\u00a0Pain 2012;13:1242\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.09.014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.09.014"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, CA, Carter, JR. Central modulation of exercise\u2010induced muscle pain in humans. J\u00a0Physiol 2007;585:287\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.140509.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.140509"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, DB, O\u2019connor, PJ, Eubanks, SA, Smith, JC, Lee, MING. Naturally occurring muscle pain during exercise: assessment and experimental evidence. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:999\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-199708000-00004.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199708000-00004"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowden, A, Chang, H-CR, Wilson, V, Traynor, V. The impact of ageing simulation education on healthcare professionals to promote person-centred care towards older people: a literature review. Nurse Educ Pract 2021;53:103077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nepr.2021.103077.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2021.103077"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavalli\u00e8re, M, D\u2019Ambrosio, L, Gennis, A, Burstein, A, Godfrey, KM, Waerstad, H, et al.. Walking a mile in another\u2019s shoes: the impact of wearing an age suit. Gerontol Geriatr Educ 2017;38:171\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701960.2015.1079706.","DOI":"10.1080\/02701960.2015.1079706"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_014","unstructured":"Moll, W. Gesundheitsmanagement mit GERT. 2020. https:\/\/www.produktundprojekt.de\/download\/Gesundheitsmanagement.pdf."},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunk, S, Emch, M, Koch, K, Lautenbacher, S, Zuidema, S, Kunz, M. Pain processing in older adults and its association with prefrontal characteristics. Brain Sci 2020;10:477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10080477.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10080477"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lautenbacher, S, Roscher, S, Strian, F. Inhibitory effects do not depend on the subjective experience of pain during heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS): a contribution to the psychophysics of pain inhibition. Eur J Pain 2002;6:365\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1090-3801(02)00030-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3801(02)00030-7"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thibault, P, Loisel, P, Durand, MJ, Catchlove, R, Sullivan, MJ. Psychological predictors of pain expression and activity intolerance in chronic pain patients. Pain 2008;139:47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2008.02.029.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.02.029"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lussanet, MHE, Behrendt, F, Puta, C, Weiss, T, Lappe, M, Schulte, TL, et al.. A body-part-specific impairment in the visual recognition of actions in chronic pain patients. Pain 2012;153:1459\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2012.04.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.04.002"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekman, P, Friesen, WV. Facial action coding system: a technique for the measurement of facial movement. Palo Alto, California, USA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1978.","DOI":"10.1037\/t27734-000"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunz, M, Meixner, D, Lautenbacher, S. Facial muscle movements encoding pain\u00a0\u2013\u00a0a systematic review. Pain 2019;160:535\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001424.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001424"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunz, M, B\u00e4r, K-J, Karmann, AJ, Wagner, G, Lautenbacher, S. Facial expressions of pain: the role of the serotonergic system. Psychopharmacology 2023;240:2597\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-023-06455-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06455-y"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarvainen, MP, Niskanen, J-P, Lipponen, JA, Ranta-Aho, PO, Karjalainen, PA. Kubios HRV-heart rate variability analysis software. Comput Methods Progr Biomed 2014;113:210\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.07.024.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.07.024"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgartner, D, Fischer, T, Riedl, R, Dreiseitl, S. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) feature robustness for measuring technostress. In: Information Systems and Neuroscience. Cham: Springer; 2019:221\u20138\u00a0pp.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01087-4_27"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_024","unstructured":"Lawrence, MA. Easy analysis and visualization of factorial experiment: package \u2018ez.\u2019 2016. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ez\/ez.pdf."},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakeman, R. Recommended effect size statistics for repeated measures designs. Behav Res Methods 2005;37:379\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03192707.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192707"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_026","unstructured":"Lenth, R. Emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version 1.4.3.01. 2023. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans."},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_027","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, New Jersey, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988."},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greco, A, Valenza, G, Bicchi, A, Bianchi, M, Scilingo, EP. Assessment of muscle fatigue during isometric contraction using autonomic nervous system correlates. Biomed Signal Process Control 2019;51:42\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.02.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.02.007"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotfiel, T, Freiwald, J, Hoppe, MW, Lutter, C, Forst, R, Grim, C, et al.. Advances in delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS): part I: pathogenesis and diagnostics. Sportverletz Sportschaden 2018;32:243\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0753-1884.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0753-1884"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, PB, Ruby, D, Bush-Joseph, CA. Muscle soreness and delayed-onset muscle soreness. Clin Sports Med 2012;31:255\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csm.2011.09.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.09.009"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balicki, P, So\u0142tysik, BK, Borowiak, E, Kostka, T, Kostka, J. Activities of daily living limitations in relation to the presence of pain in community-dwelling older adults. Sci Rep 2025;15:15027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-00241-w.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00241-w"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prkachin, KM. The consistency of facial expressions of pain: a comparison across modalities. Pain 1992;51:297\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90213-u.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90213-U"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunz, M, Peter, J, Huster, S, Lautenbacher, S. Pain and disgust: the facial signaling of two aversive bodily experiences. PLoS One 2013;8:e83277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0083277.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083277"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, D, Craig, KD, Gosselin, F, Belin, P, Rainville, P. Recognition and discrimination of prototypical dynamic expressions of pain and emotions. Pain 2008;135:55\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2007.05.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.05.008"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, MH, Stewart, J, Humphries, SA, Chamove, AS. Marathon runners\u2019 reaction to potassium iontophoretic experimental pain: pain tolerance, pain threshold, coping and self-efficacy: pain and marathon running. Eur J Pain 2012;16:767\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2011.00059.x.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2011.00059.x"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt, A, Wallat, D, Stangier, C, Martin, JA, Schlesinger\u2010Irsch, U, Boecker, H. Effects of fitness level and exercise intensity on pain and mood responses. Eur J Pain 2020;24:568\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1508.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1508"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesarz, J, Schuster, AK, Hartmann, M, Gerhardt, A, Eich, W. Pain perception in athletes compared to normally active controls: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Pain 2012;153:1253\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2012.03.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.03.005"},{"key":"2026031017093983139_j_sjpain-2025-0057_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merletti, R, Farina, D, editors. Surface electromyography: physiology, engineering and applications. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: IEEE Press; 2016.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119082934"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/sjpain-2025-0057\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/sjpain-2025-0057\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T17:09:53Z","timestamp":1773162593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/sjpain-2025-0057\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/sjpain-2025-0057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/sjpain-2025-0057","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-8879"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-8879","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"article-number":"20250057"}}