{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:13:48Z","timestamp":1778303628992,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2026-0008_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze whether breathing therapy is effective in reducing pain, improving health-related quality of life, improving physical functioning\/activity, and improving sleep quality in patients suffering from complex chronic non-cancer pain conditions (CNCP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2026-0008_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An electronic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PEDro, and PsycINFO from inception to October 2024. The inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials (RCT) examining breathing therapy as a sole or central intervention component in adult patients with CNCP. From 2,369 abstracts, a total of 10 RCTs (n=638) met the inclusion criteria. The population in the selected studies were patients with chronic neck pain, chronic low back pain, fibromyalgia, or tension-typed headache. Breathing therapy significantly improved pain and\/or health-related quality of life in six studies. However, the quality of the included RCTs ranged from high to critically low, and substantial heterogeneity in participants, intervention, and methods prevented synthesis of results across studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2026-0008_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review highlights breathing therapy as a promising pain management strategy in patients suffering from CNCP. We evaluated two RCTs examining similar daily slow diaphragmatic breathing for 15\u202fmin to have a low risk of bias; both demonstrating statistically significant relevant pain reduction up to 37\u202f%. However, the strength of recommendations for clinical practice depends on the level of evidence as indicated by a risk of bias assessment (internal validity), consistency of results between studies, and generalizability (external validity). Based on the findings of this systematic review evidence of breathing therapy invention in patients suffering from CNCP conditions remains sparse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_sjpain-2026-0008_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Outlook<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Striving to eliminate or minimize opioid management for complex CNCP, high-quality research is needed to reinforce the evidence base for non-pharmacological interventions such as breathing therapy to support modern pain management rather than former traditional pharmacological treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Trial registry number: PROSPERO #CRD42023460181.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2026-0008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:06:56Z","timestamp":1778303216000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Breathing therapy as a supplement to opioid management for complex chronic non-cancer pain conditions\u00a0\u2013 a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Lene Moeller Schear","family":"Mikkelsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Department of Anaesthesia, Pain and Respiratory Support , The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sys Weis","family":"Loving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Department of Anaesthesia, Pain and Respiratory Support , The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, SP, Vase, L, Hooten, WM. Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances. Lancet 2021;397:2082\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellmann, SS, Ekholm, O, Handberg, G, Petersen, PL, Kurita, GP, Sj\u00f8gren, P, et al.. Graded chronic noncancer pain distribution using the graded chronic pain scale-revised framework: a cross-sectional study. Pain Rep 2025;10:e1277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001277.","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001277"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruun, KD, Thorarinsson, CT, Vaegter, HB, Zegers, FD, N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd, BM, Wod, M. Prescription time trends in patients with high-impact chronic pain: a national patient registry study. Eur J Pain 2024;00:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.4746.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.4746"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_004","unstructured":"Nice Guideline NG193. Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: assessment of all chronic pain and management of chronic primary pain | Guidance | NICE. Website 2021. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng193 [Accessed 9 May 2025]."},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafari, H, Courtois, I, Van Den Bergh, O, Vlaeyen, JWS, Van Diest, I. Pain and respiration: a systematic review. Pain 2017;158:995\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000865.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000865"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, MA, Santarelli, DM, O\u2019Rourke, D. The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human. Breathe 2017;13:298\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/20734735.009817.","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.009817"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laborde, S, Allen, MS, Borges, U, Dosseville, F, Hosang, TJ, Iskra, M, et al.. Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022;138:104711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2022.104711.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104711"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatsios, PI, Grammatopoulou, E, Dimitriadis, Z, Papandreou, M, Paraskevopoulos, E, Spanos, S, et al.. The effectiveness of spinal, diaphragmatic, and specific stabilization exercise manual therapy and respiratory-related interventions in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagnostics 2022;12:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12071598.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12071598"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gholamrezaei, A, Van Diest, I, Aziz, Q, Pauwels, A, Tack, J, Vlaeyen, JWS, et al.. Effect of slow, deep breathing on visceral pain perception and its underlying psychophysiological mechanisms. Neuro Gastroenterol Motil 2022;34:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.14242.","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14242"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzone, SB, Undem, BJ. Vagal afferent innervation of the airways in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2016;96:975\u20131024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00039.2015.","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2015"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_011","unstructured":"Danish Health Authority. Review of the opioid consumption in Denmark. 2016:1\u201386. https:\/\/www.sst.dk\/udgivelser?years=2016&query=opioid [Accessed 26 Sep 2024]."},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_012","unstructured":"Danish Health Authority. National clinical guideline on opioid treatment of chronic non-malignant pain. 2018. https:\/\/www.sst.dk\/udgivelser\/2018\/nkr-opioidbehandling-af-kroniske-non-maligne-smerter [Accessed 12 Feb 2025]."},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f8jsted, J, Nielsen, PR, Guldstrand, SK, Frich, L, Sj\u00f8gren, P. Classification and identification of opioid addiction in chronic pain patients. Eur J Pain 2010;14:1014\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EJPAIN.2010.04.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.04.006"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zgierska, AE, Burzinski, CA, Cox, J, Kloke, J, Stegner, A, Cook, DB, et al.. Mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy intervention reduces pain severity and sensitivity in opioid-treated chronic low back pain: pilot findings from a randomized controlled trial. Pain Med 2016;17:1865\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnw006.","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw006"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garland, EL, Manusov, EG, Froeliger, B, Kelly, A, Williams, JM, Howard, MO. Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement for chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse: results from an early-stage randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2014;82:448\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035798.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035798"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garland, EL, Brintz, CE, Hanley, AW, Roseen, EJ, Atchley, RM, Gaylord, SA, et al.. Mind-body therapies for opioid-treated pain. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:91\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.4917.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.4917"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X, Sun, W, Chen, Q, Xu, Q, Chen, G, Bi, H. Effects of breathing exercises on chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2024;37:13\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/BMR-230054.","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-230054"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_018","unstructured":"Sungur, M. Pranayama and diaphragmatic breathing exercise applied to female patients with fibromyalgia | cochrane library. Malatya: The Cochrane Library; 2023."},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_019","unstructured":"Page, MJ, McKenzie, JE, Bossuyt, PM, Boutron, I, Hoffmann, TC, Mulrow, CD, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev 2021;10:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13643-021-01626-4\/FIGURES\/1."},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_020","unstructured":"Higgins, J, Thomas, J, Chandler, J, Cumpston, M, Li, T, Page, M, et al.. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions | Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Version 6.5. Cochrane; 2024. https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/authors\/handbooks-and-manuals\/handbook [Accessed 7 Apr 2026]."},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopichandran, L, Srivastsava, AK, Vanamail, P, Kanniammal, C, Valli, G, Mahendra, J, et al.. Effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation and deep breathing exercise on pain, disability, and sleep among patients with chronic tension-type headache a randomized control trial. Holist Nurs Pract 2021:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HNP.0000000000000460.","DOI":"10.1097\/HNP.0000000000000460"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwar, S, Arsalan, A, Zafar, H, Ahmad, A, Hanif, A. Effects of breathing reeducation on cervical and pulmonary outcomes in patients with non specific chronic neck pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2022;17:e0273471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0273471.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273471"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_023","unstructured":"Tomas-Carus, P, Biehl-Printes, C, Del Pozo-Cruz, J, Parraca, JA, Folgado, H, P\u00e9rez-Sousa, MA, et al.. Effects of respiratory muscle training on respiratory efficiency and health-related quality of life in sedentary women with fibromyalgia: a randomised controlled trial Respiratory muscle training in woman with FM\/P. Tomas-Carus et\u00a0al. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2019;40:1119\u201326."},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masroor, S, Tanwar, T, Aldabbas, M, Iram, I, Veqar, Z. Effect of adding diaphragmatic breathing exercises to core stabilization exercises on pain, muscle activity, disability, and sleep quality in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized control trial. J Chiropract Med 2023;22:275\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCM.2023.07.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2023.07.001"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrouva, S, Sopidou, V, Koutsioumpa, E, Chanopoulos, K, Nikolopoulou, A, Papatsimpas, V, et al.. Can exercise affect the pain characteristics in patients with fibromyalgia? A randomized controlled trial. Healthcare 2022;10:2426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare10122426.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10122426"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cesadlmrlajhb, P. Meditative-based diaphragmatic breathing vs. vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia\u00a0\u2013 a randomized controlled trial: body vs. machine. Front Neurol 2022;13:1030927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.20221030927.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1030927"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente-Campos, D, Sanchez-Jorge, S, Terr\u00f3n-Manrique, P, Guisard, M, Collin, M, Casta\u00f1o, B, et al.. The main role of diaphragm muscle as a mechanism of hypopressive abdominal gymnastics to improve non-specific chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med 2021;10:4983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10214983.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214983"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ide, MR, Laurindo, IMM, Rodrigues-Junior, AL, Tanaka, C. Effect of aquatic respiratory exercise-based program in patients with fibromyalgia. Int J Rheum Dis 2008;11:131\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2008.00348.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2008.00348.x"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavya, V. DKKU. Effect of expiratory training and inspiratory training with lumbar stabilization in low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Public Health Res Dev 2020;11:230\u20135.","DOI":"10.37506\/v11\/i2\/2020\/ijphrd\/194790"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_030","unstructured":"Mehling, WE, Hamel, KA, Acree, M, Byl, N, Hecht, FM. Randomized, controlled trial of breath therapy for patients with chronic low-back pain. Alternative Ther Health Med 2005;11:44\u201352."},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew Moore, R, Eccleston, C, Derry, S, Wiffen, P, Bell, RF, Straube, S, et al.. \u201cEvidence\u201d in chronic pain\u00a0\u2013 establishing best practice in the reporting of systematic reviews. Pain 2010;150:386\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2010.05.011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.05.011"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dworkin, RH, Turk, DC, Wyrwich, KW, Beaton, D, Cleeland, CS, Farrar, JT, et al.. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain 2008;9:105\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JPAIN.2007.09.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafari, H, Gholamrezaei, A, Franssen, M, Van Oudenhove, L, Aziz, Q, Van den Bergh, O, et al.. Can slow deep breathing reduce pain? An experimental study exploring mechanisms. J Pain 2020;21:1018\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.12.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.12.010"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlemincx, E, Van Diest, I, Van den Bergh, O. A sigh of relief or a sigh to relieve: the psychological and physiological relief effect of deep breaths. Physiol Behav 2016;165:127\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.07.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.07.004"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez, JM. The integrative role of the sigh in psychology, physiology, pathology, and neurobiology. Prog Brain Res 2014;209:91\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-63274-6.00006-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63274-6.00006-0"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Negro, CA, Funk, GD, Feldman, JL. Breathing matters. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018;19:351\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-018-0003-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0003-6"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balban, MY, Neri, E, Kogon, MM, Weed, L, Nouriani, B, Jo, B, et al.. Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal. Cell Rep Med 2023;4:100895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100895.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100895"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campanelli, S, Lopes Tort, A, Lob\u00e3o-Soares, B. Pranayamas and their neurophysiological effects. Int J Yoga 2020;13:183\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijoy.ijoy_91_19.","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoy.IJOY_91_19"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friesner, SA, Curry, DM, Moddeman, GR. Comparison of two pain-management strategies during chest tube removal: relaxation exercise with opioids and opioids alone. Heart Lung 2006;35:269\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.HRTLNG.2005.10.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2005.10.005"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Art\u0131klar, T, Erden, S. The effect of breathing and coughing exercises and oxygen therapy on shoulder pain and analgesic consumption after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled study. J PeriAnesthesia Nurs 2024;39:540\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jopan.2023.10.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2023.10.008"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garland, EL, Hanley, AW, Nakamura, Y, Barrett, JW, Baker, AK, Reese, SE, et al.. Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement vs supportive group therapy for co-occurring opioid misuse and chronic pain in primary care a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2022;182:407\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.0033.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.0033"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, RA, Derry, S, Wiffen, PJ. Challenges in design and interpretation of chronic pain trials. Br J Anaesth 2013;111:38\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aet126.","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet126"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan, MD, Ballantyne, JC. Must we reduce pain intensity to treat chronic pain? Pain 2016;157:65\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/J.PAIN.0000000000000336.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000336"},{"key":"2026050905064974035_j_sjpain-2026-0008_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenger, S, Drott, J, Fillipo, R, Findlay, A, Genung, A, Heiden, J, et al.. Reducing opioid use for patients with chronic pain: an evidence-based perspective. Phys Ther 2018;98:424\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzy025.","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy025"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/sjpain-2026-0008\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/sjpain-2026-0008\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:07:18Z","timestamp":1778303238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/sjpain-2026-0008\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/sjpain-2026-0008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/sjpain-2026-0008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-8879"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-8879","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"article-number":"20260008"}}