{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:46:24Z","timestamp":1792640784098,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5-6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Plumbagin, (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a natural substance found in the roots of plant species in the genus <jats:italic>Plumbago<\/jats:italic>, has been used as a traditional medicine against many diseases. In this study, <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic> was used as a model for testing the anthelmintic effect of plumbagin. The compound exhibited a nematicidal effect against all stages of <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>: L4 was least susceptible, while L1 was most susceptible to plumbagin with an LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 220 and 156 \u03bcM, respectively. Plumbagin inhibited <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> development from L1 to adult stages with an IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 235 \u03bcM, and body length was also reduced at concentrations of 25 and 50 \u03bcg\/ml. Brood sizes decreased from 203\u00b16 to 43\u00b16 and 18\u00b13 eggs per hatch in plumbagin-treated worms at 10, 25, 50 \u03bcg\/ml, respectively. Furthermore, plumbagin was lethal to strains resistant to the nematicides levamisole, albendazole, and ivermectin, indicating that it possesses a strong and unique nematicidal action. Plumbagin decreased the number of mitochondria in hypodermal and intestinal cells and body wall muscles and damaged the ultrastructure of these tissues. Taken together, plumbagin may be a new drug against parasitic nematodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2015-0222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T08:42:54Z","timestamp":1462264974000},"page":"121-131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Nematicidal effect of plumbagin on <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>: a model for testing a nematicidal drug"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Phantip","family":"Chaweeborisuit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinnawut","family":"Suriyonplengsaeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Worawit","family":"Suphamungmee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasert","family":"Sobhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5700-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krai","family":"Meemon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Tel.: +662-201-5417, Fax: +662-354-7168"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_001_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padhye S, Dandawate P, Yusufi M, Ahmad A, Sarkar FH. Perspectives on medicinal properties of plumbagin and its analogs. Med Res Rev 2012;32:1131\u201358.","DOI":"10.1002\/med.20235"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_002_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan M, Liu Y, Luo X, Chen Z, Liang H. Antioxidant activities of plumbagin and its Cu (II) complex. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2011;2011:898726.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/898726"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_003_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tilak JC, Adhikari S, Devasagayam TP. Antioxidant properties of Plumbago zeylanica, an Indian medicinal plant and its active ingredient, plumbagin. Redox Rep 2004;9:219\u201327.","DOI":"10.1179\/135100004225005976"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_004_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Paiva SR, Figueiredo MR, Arag\u00e3o TV, Kaplan MA. Antimicrobial activity in vitro of plumbagin isolated from Plumbago species. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003;98:959\u201361.","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762003000700017"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_005_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1b5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atjanasuppat K1, Wongkham W, Meepowpan P, Kittakoop P, Sobhon P, Bartlett A, et al. In vitro screening for anthelmintic and antitumour activity of ethnomedicinal plants from Thailand. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;123:475\u201382.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.03.010"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_006_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo P, Wong YF, Ge L, Zhang ZF, Liu Y, Liu L, et al. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of plumbagin through inhibition of nuclear factor-\u03baB activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010;335:735\u201342.","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.170852"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_007_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo PL, Hsu YL, Cho CY. Plumbagin induces G2-M arrest and autophagy by inhibiting the AKT\/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5:3209\u201321.","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-06-0478"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_008_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1b8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafeez BB, Jamal MS, Fischer JW, Mustafa A, Verma AK. Plumbagin, a plant derived natural agent inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo via targeting EGFR, Stat3 and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways. Int J Cancer 2012;131:2175\u201386.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27478"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_009_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1b9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha S, Pal K, Elkhanany A, Dutta S, Cao Y, Mondal G, et al. Plumbagin inhibits tumorigenesis and angiogenesis of ovarian cancer cells in vivo. Int J Cancer 2013;1332:1201\u201312.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27724"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_010_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz MH, Dreckschmidt NE, Verma AK. Plumbagin, a medicinal plant-derived naphthoquinone, is a novel inhibitor of the growth and invasion of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2008;68:9024\u201332.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-2494"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_011_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fetterer RH, Fleming MW. Effects of plumbagin on development of the parasitic nematodes Haemonchus contortus and Ascaris suum. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1991;100:539\u201342.","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(91)90036-S"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_012_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhoads ML, Fetterer RH. Extracellular matrix degradation by Haemonchus contortus. J Parasitol 1996;38:379\u201383.","DOI":"10.2307\/3284072"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_013_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen R, Chatterjee M. Plant derived therapeutics for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Phytomedicine 2011;18:1056\u201369.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.03.004"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_014_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c14Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma N, Shukla AK, Das M, Dubey VK. Evaluation of plumbagin and its derivative as potential modulators of redox thiol metabolism of Leishmania parasite. Parasitol Res 2012;110:341\u20138.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2498-x"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_015_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saowakon N, Kueakhai P, Changklungmoa N, Lorsuwannarat N, Sobhon P. In vitro effect of purified plumbagin of Plumbago indica against motility of Paramphistomum cervi. Planta Med 2011;133:179\u201386.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.11.018"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_016_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorsuwannarat N, Saowakon N, Ramasoota P, Wanichanon C, Sobhon P. The anthelmintic effect of plumbagin on Schistosoma mansoni. Exp Parasitol 2013;133:18\u201327.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.10.003"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_017_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang SM, Coultas KA. Identification of plumbagin and sanguinarine as effective chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of schistosomiasis. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2013;3:28\u201334.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2012.12.001"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_018_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorsuwannarat N, Piedrafita D, Chantree P, Sansri V, Songkoomkrong S, Bantuchai S, et al. The in vitro anthelmintic effects of plumbagin on newly excysted and 4-weeks-old juvenile parasites of Fasciola gigantica. Exp Parasitol 2014;136:5\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.10.004"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_019_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenner S. The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 1974;77:71\u201394.","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/77.1.71"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_020_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holden-Dye L, Walker RJ. Anthelmintic drugs and nematicides: studies in Caenorhabditis elegans. WormBook 2014;1\u201329.","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.143.2"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_021_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns AR, Luciani GM, Musso G, Bagg R, Yeo M, Zhang Y, et al. Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model for anthelmintic discovery. Nat Commun 2015;6:7485.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8485"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_022_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c22Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming JT, Squire MD, Barnes TM, Tornoe C, Matsuda K, Ahnn J, et al. Caenorhabditis elegans levamisole resistance genes lev-1, unc-29, and unc-38 encode functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. J Neurosci 1997;17:5843\u201357.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-15-05843.1997"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_023_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driscoll M, Dean E, Reilly E, Bergholz E, Chalfie M. Genetic and molecular analysis of a Caenorhabditis elegans beta-tubulin that conveys benzimidazole sensitivity. J Cell Biol 1989;109:2993\u20133003.","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.109.6.2993"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_024_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dent JA, Smith MM, Vassilatis DK, Avery L. The genetics of ivermectin resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2000;97:2674\u201379.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.6.2674"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_025_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c25Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis JA, Fleming JT. Basic culture methods. Methods Cell Biol 1995;48:3\u201329.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(08)61381-3"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_026_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c26Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiernagle T. Maintenance of C. elegans. WormBook 2006;1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.101.1"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_027_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c27Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischof LJ, Huffman DL, Aroian RV. Assays for toxicity studies in C. elegans with Bt crystal proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2006;351:139\u201354.","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59745-151-7:139"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_028_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c28Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solis GM, Petrascheck M. Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans life span in 96 well microtiter plates. J Vis Exp 2011;49:2496.","DOI":"10.3791\/2496"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_029_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c29Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artal-Sanz M, Tavernarakis N. Prohibitin couples diapause signalling to mitochondrial metabolism during ageing in C. elegans. Nature 2009;461:793\u20137.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08466"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_030_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darr D, Fridovich I. Adaptation to oxidative stress in young, but not in mature or old, Caenorhabditis elegans. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;18:195\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)00118-4"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_031_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c31Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bull K, Cook A, Hopper NA, Harder A, Holden-Dye L, Walker RJ. Effects of the novel anthelmintic emodepside on the locomotion, egg-laying behaviour and development of Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Parasitol 2007;37:627\u201336.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.10.013"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_032_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c32Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sant\u2019anna V, Vommaro RC, de Souza W. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for the screening of anthelminthic compounds: ultrastructural study of the effects of albendazole. Exp Parasitol 2013;135:1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.05.011"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_033_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c33Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumsakul W, Plengsuriyakarn T, Chaijaroenkul W, Viyanant V, Karbwang J, Na-Bangchang K. Antimalarial activity of plumbagin in vitro and in animal models. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-15"},{"key":"2023040103064568114_j_znc-2015-0222_ref_034_w2aab2b8c25b1b7b1ab2b1c34Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krungkrai J, Kanchanarithisak R, Krungkrai SR, Rochanakij S. Mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase from Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei. Exp Parasitol 2002;100:54\u201361.","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.2001.4674"}],"container-title":["Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Naturforschung C"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/znc.2016.71.issue-5-6\/znc-2015-0222\/znc-2015-0222.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/znc-2015-0222\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/znc-2015-0222\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]],"date-time":"2023-04-02T09:08:20Z","timestamp":1680426500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/znc-2015-0222\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/znc-2015-0222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/znc-2015-0222","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-7125","0939-5075"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-7125","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0939-5075","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]}}}