{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:38:58Z","timestamp":1792273138067,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1-2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ocular nanogels have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach, and nanotechnology has speed up the growth of the pharmaceutical and medical technology sectors. The physiological and anatomical barriers of the eye limit the use of traditional ocular preparations, which leads to low drug bioavailability and a brief retention period. This presents a serious problem for patients, doctors, and chemists. Nevertheless, nanogels can encapsulate medications within three-dimensional crosslinked polymeric networks and provide controlled and prolonged drug delivery by using particular structural layouts and unique preparation techniques, improving therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Dextran and its variants, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, have drawn a lot of interest in developing delivery systems for use in pharmaceutical and medical applications. Many dextran-based delivery systems with customized geometries and features have been fabricated recently, such as hydrogels, nanogels, magnetic nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, self-assembled micelles and nanoparticles, and microparticles. The review presents advancement and therapeutic potential of dextran-based nanogels for the treatment of various eye conditions, such as cataract, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, age-related macular degeneration, and corneal ulcers. Moreover, the process for development and assessing these nanomedicines, emphasizing their safety and effectiveness as established by preclinical, toxicological, clinical assessments, and patent updates, has been elaborated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2025-0014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T18:15:24Z","timestamp":1745864124000},"page":"31-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Native\/modified dextran-based nanogel in delivering drug and management of ocular complications: a review"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8442-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswajit","family":"Basu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health and Medical Sciences , Adamas University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , 700126 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2867-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suraj","family":"Mallick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health and Medical Sciences , Adamas University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , 700126 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8279-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suman","family":"Dhauria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health and Medical Sciences , Adamas University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , 700126 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3706-744X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooja V","family":"Nagime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry , Prince of Songkla University , Hat Yai 90110 , Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7929-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudarshan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research Administrations , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascolini, D, Mariotti, SP. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol 2012;96:614\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L, Li, J, Zhou, B, Wang, Y. An injectable copolymer for in situ lubrication effectively relieves dry eye disease. ACS Mater Lett 2025;7:884\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.4c02327.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.4c02327"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paliwal, H, Prajapati, BG, Srichana, T, Singh, S, Patel, RJ. Novel approaches in the drug development and delivery systems for age-related macular degeneration. Life 2023;13:568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13020568.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020568"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dave, J, Jani, H, Patel, Y, Mohite, P, Puri, A, Chidrawar, VR, et al.. Polyol-modified deformable liposomes fortified contact lenses for improved ocular permeability. Nanomedicine 2025:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17435889.2025.2463867.","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2463867"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puri, A, Mohite, P, Patil, S, Chidrawar, VR, Ushir, YV, Dodiya, R, et al.. Facile green synthesis and characterization of Terminalia arjuna bark phenolic\u2013selenium nanogel: a biocompatible and green nano-biomaterial for multifaceted biological applications. Front Chem 2023;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2023.1273360.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1273360"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, T, Lu, H, Zhu, J, Zhou, X, He, C, Li, F, et al.. Naturally derived dual dynamic crosslinked multifunctional hydrogel for diabetic wound healing. Compos B Eng 2023;257:110687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compositesb.2023.110687.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2023.110687"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, W, Wang, Y, Li, X, Ji, Y, Yuan, J, Yang, W, et al.. Sealing the Pandora\u2019s vase of pancreatic fistula through entrapping the digestive enzymes within a dextrorotary (D)-peptide hydrogel. Nat Commun. 2024;15:7235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-51734-7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51734-7"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soni, KS, Desale, SS, Bronich, TK. Nanogels: an overview of properties, biomedical applications and obstacles to clinical translation. J\u00a0Contr Release 2016;240:109\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.11.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.11.009"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, P, Garala, K, Singh, S, Prajapati, BG, Chittasupho, C. Lipid nanoparticulate drug delivery systems: approaches toward improvement in therapeutic efficacy of bioactive molecules. Pharmaceuticals 2024;17:329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17030329.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030329"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_010","unstructured":"Sudarshan, S, Tanvi, RD, Rajesh, D, Yogesh, VU, Slamet, W. Lipid nanoparticulate drug delivery systems: approaches toward improvement in therapeutic efficacy of bioactive molecules. In: Luis Jes\u00fas, V-G, editor. Drug Carriers. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2022:Ch. 7 p."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohite, P, Singh, S, Pawar, A, Sangale, A, Prajapati, BG. Lipid-based oral formulation in capsules to improve the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. Front Drug Delivery 2023;3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fddev.2023.1232012.","DOI":"10.3389\/fddev.2023.1232012"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S, Chauhan, H, Madhu, H, Mori, D, Soniwala, M, Singh, S, et al.. Lipids fortified nano phytopharmaceuticals: a breakthrough approach in delivering bio-actives for improved therapeutic efficacy. Pharm Nanotechnol 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0122117385277686231127050723.","DOI":"10.2174\/0122117385277686231127050723"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S, Supaweera, N, Nwabor, OF, Yusakul, G, Chaichompoo, W, Suksamrarn, A, et al.. Polymeric scaffold integrated with nanovesicle-entrapped curcuminoids for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Nanomedicine 2024:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17435889.2024.2347823.","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2024.2347823"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ontong, JC, Singh, S, Siriyong, T, Voravuthikunchai, SP. Transferosomes stabilized hydrogel incorporated rhodomyrtone-rich extract from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf fortified with phosphatidylcholine for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Biotechnol Lett 2024;46:127\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10529-023-03452-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-023-03452-1"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_015","unstructured":"Patel, R, Singh, S, Singh, S, Sheth, N, Gendle, R. Development and characterization of curcumin loaded transfersome for transdermal delivery. J\u00a0Pharmaceut Sci Res 2009;1:71."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chittasupho, C, Chaobankrang, K, Sarawungkad, A, Samee, W, Singh, S, Hemsuwimon, K, et al.. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and attenuating intracellular reactive oxygen species activities of nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia leaf extract phytosomes and shape memory gel formulation. Gels 2023;9:78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels9020078.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9020078"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Y, Jia, H, Mo, Z, Zheng, K, Chen, S, Ding, Y, et al.. Cross-linked thermosensitive nanohydrogels for ocular drug delivery with a prolonged residence time and enhanced bioavailability. Mater Sci Eng C 2021;119:111445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111445.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111445"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alibakhshi, MA, Halman, JR, Wilson, J, Aksimentiev, A, Afonin, KA, Wanunu, M. Picomolar fingerprinting of nucleic acid nanoparticles using solid-state nanopores. ACS Nano 2017;11:9701\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.7b04923.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b04923"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y, Wang, Q, Zhang, Y. Biopolymer-based nanotechnology approaches to deliver bioactive compounds for food applications: a perspective on the past, present, and future. J\u00a0Agric Food Chem 2020;68:12993\u20133000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c00277.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c00277"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J, Zhou, L, Chen, Z, Sun, J, Guo, X, Wang, H, et al.. Remineralization and bacterial inhibition of early enamel caries surfaces by carboxymethyl chitosan lysozyme nanogels loaded with antibacterial drugs. J Dent 2025;152:105489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105489.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105489"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohite, P, Shah, SR, Singh, S, Rajput, T, Munde, S, Ade, N, et al.. Chitosan and chito-oligosaccharide: a versatile biopolymer with endless grafting possibilities for multifarious applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1190879.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1190879"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, U, Kapoor, DU, Singh, S, Prajapati, BG. Unveiling the potential of chitosan-coated lipid nanoparticles in drug delivery for management of critical illness: a review. Z Naturforsch C Biosci 2024;79:107\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/znc-2023-0181.","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2023-0181"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, S, Karati, D, Singh, S, Prajapati, BG. Chitosan-based nanomedicine in the management of age-related macular degeneration: a review. Current Nanomed. (Formerly: Recent Pat Nanomed) 2024;14:13\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0124681873261772230927074628.","DOI":"10.2174\/0124681873261772230927074628"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, G, Dong, S, Sui, S, Kakuchi, T, Duan, Q, Feng, B, et al.. Fabrication of composite Fe3O4 nanoparticles coupled by thermo-responsive and fluorescent Eu complex on surface. Int J Polym Mater 2020;71:109\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00914037.2020.1809404.","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2020.1809404"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begum, RF, Singh, S, Prajapati, B, Sumithra, M, Patel, RJ. Advanced targeted drug delivery of bioactive agents fortified with graft chitosan in management of cancer: a review. Curr Med Chem 2024;32:3759\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0109298673285334240112104709.","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673285334240112104709"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chidrawar, VR, Singh, S, Jayeoye, TJ, Dodiya, R, Samee, W, Chittasupho, C. Porous swellable hypromellose composite fortified with Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf hydrophobic\/hydrophilic phenolic-rich extract to mitigate dermal wound infections. J\u00a0Polym Environ 2023;31:3841\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10924-023-02860-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-023-02860-8"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S, Chidrawar, VR, Hermawan, D, Dodiya, R, Samee, W, Ontong, JC, et al.. Hypromellose highly swellable composite fortified with psidium guajava leaf phenolic-rich extract for antioxidative, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-melanogenesis, and hemostasis applications. J\u00a0Polym Environ 2023;31:3197\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10924-023-02819-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-023-02819-9"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S, Chunglok, W, Nwabor, OF, Ushir, YV, Singh, S, Panpipat, W. Hydrophilic biopolymer matrix antibacterial peel-off facial mask functionalized with biogenic nanostructured material for cosmeceutical applications. J\u00a0Polym Environ 2022;30:938\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10924-021-02249-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-021-02249-5"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayeoye, TJ, Eze, FN, Singh, S. Nanocellulose materials and composites for emerging applications. In: Shabbir, M, editor. Regenerated Cellulose and composites: morphology-property relationship. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2023:105\u201344 pp.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-1655-9_5"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, RP, Patel, GK, Patel, N, Singh, S, Chittasupho, C. Alginate nanoparticles: a potential drug carrier in tuberculosis treatment. In: Shegokar, R, Pathak, Y, editors. Tubercular drug delivery systems: advances in treatment of infectious diseases. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023:207\u201334 pp.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14100-3_11"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S, Chunglok, W, Nwabor, OF, Chulrik, W, Jansakun, C, Bhoopong, P. Porous biodegradable sodium alginate composite fortified with Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Calyx extract for the multifarious biological applications and extension of climacteric fruit shelf-life. J\u00a0Polym Environ 2023;31:922\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10924-022-02596-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-022-02596-x"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puri, A, Syukri, DM, Silvia, E, Ladyani, F, Mohite, P, Ade, N, et al.. Waste-to-Value-Added customized cationic banana starch for potential flocculant application. J\u00a0Polym Environ 2024;32:6096\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10924-024-03349-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-024-03349-8"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S, Supaweera, N, Nwabor, OF, Chaichompoo, W, Suksamrarn, A, Chittasupho, C, et al.. Poly (vinyl alcohol)-gelatin-sericin copolymerized film fortified with vesicle-entrapped demethoxycurcumin\/bisdemethoxycurcumin for improved stability, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and skin tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024;258:129071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.129071.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.129071"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bothara, SB, Singh, S. Thermal studies on natural polysaccharide. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:S1031\u2013S10https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2221-1691(12)60356-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60356-6"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datta, D, Prajapati, B, Jethva, H, Agrawal, K, Singh, S, Prajapati, BG. Value-added nanocellulose valorized from fruit peel waste for potential dermal wound healing and tissue regenerative applications. Regen Eng Trans Med 2024;11:88\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40883-024-00348-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40883-024-00348-y"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu, B, Rahaman, M, Ghosh, S, Dutta, S, Kumar, A, Mukherjee, S, et al.. Emerging silk sericin-based formulation fortified with therapeutics in the management of diabetic wound and skin tissue regeneration. Z\u00a0Naturforsch C Biosci 2025;80:597\u2013626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/znc-2024-0198.","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2024-0198"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semyonov, D, Ramon, O, Shoham, Y, Shimoni, E. Enzymatically synthesized dextran nanoparticles and their use as carriers for nutraceuticals. Food Funct 2014;5:2463\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c4fo00103f.","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00103F"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_038","unstructured":"Pasteur, L. On the viscous fermentation and the butyrous fermentation. Bull Soc Chim Paris 1861;11:30\u20131."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeanes, A, Haynes, WC, Wilham, CA, Rankin, JC, Melvin, EH, Austin, MJ, et al.. Characterization and classification of dextrans from ninety-six strains of bacteria1b. J\u00a0Am Chem Soc 1954;76:5041\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ja01649a011.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01649a011"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allyn, MM, Luo, RH, Hellwarth, EB, Swindle-Reilly, KE. Considerations for polymers used in ocular drug delivery. Front Med 2022;8:787644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.787644.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.787644"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajput, R, Narkhede, J, Naik, J. Nanogels as nanocarriers for drug delivery: a review. Admet and DMPK 2020;8:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5599\/admet.724.","DOI":"10.5599\/admet.724"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H, Noh, H. Advancements in nanogels for enhanced ocular drug delivery: cutting-edge strategies to overcome eye barriers. Gels 2023;9:718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels9090718.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9090718"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L-C, Chen, Y-H, Lu, D-W. Overview of recent advances in nano-based ocular drug delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24:15352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242015352.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015352"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kels, BD, Grzybowski, A, Grant-Kels, JM. Human ocular anatomy. Clin Dermatol 2015;33:140\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.10.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.10.006"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dartt, DA, Willcox, MDP. Complexity of the tear film: importance in homeostasis and dysfunction during disease. Exp Eye Res 2013;117:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2013.10.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.10.008"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorantla, S, Rapalli, VK, Waghule, T, Singh, PP, Dubey, SK, Saha, RN, et al.. Nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: current status and translational opportunity. RSC Adv 2020;10:27835\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d0ra04971a.","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA04971A"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subrizi, A, Del Amo, EM, Korzhikov-Vlakh, V, Tennikova, T, Ruponen, M, Urtti, A. Design principles of ocular drug delivery systems: importance of drug payload, release rate, and material properties. Drug Discov Today 2019;24:1446\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.02.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.02.001"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urtti, A. Challenges and obstacles of ocular pharmacokinetics and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006;58:1131\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2006.07.027.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.07.027"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mofidfar, M, Abdi, B, Ahadian, S, Mostafavi, E, Desai, TA, Abbasi, F, et al.. Drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye: a review of current and future treatment strategies. Int J Pharm 2021;607:120924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120924.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120924"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geroski, DH, Edelhauser, HF. Transscleral drug delivery for posterior segment disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001;52:37\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0169-409x(01)00193-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00193-4"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaudana, R, Ananthula, HK, Parenky, A, Mitra, AK. Ocular drug delivery. AAPS J 2010;12:348\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1208\/s12248-010-9183-3.","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-010-9183-3"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coca-Prados, M. The blood-aqueous barrier in health and disease. J\u00a0Glaucoma 2014;23:S36\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ijg.0000000000000107.","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000107"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peynshaert, K, Devoldere, J, De Smedt, SC, Remaut, K. In vitro and ex\u00a0vivo models to study drug delivery barriers in the posterior segment of the eye. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018;126:44\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2017.09.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.09.007"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_054","unstructured":"Arularasu, M, Anbarasu, M, Poovaragan, S, Sundaram, R, Kanimozhi, K, Magdalane34, CM, et al.. Structural, optical, morphological and microbial studies on SnO. Nanosci Nanotechnol 2017;17:1\u20137."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M, Aznan, M, Yusof, A, Ansary, R, Siddiqi, M, Yusan, S. Synthesis and characterization of functionalized Se-MCM-41 a new drug carrier mesopore composite. Orient J Chem 2017;33:611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13005\/ojc\/330208.","DOI":"10.13005\/ojc\/330208"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paggi, CA, Teixeira, LM, Le Gac, S, Karperien, M. Joint-on-chip platforms: entering a new era of in\u00a0vitro models for arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022;18:217\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-021-00736-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00736-6"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunha-Vaz, J, Bernardes, R, Lobo, C. Blood-retinal barrier. Eur J Ophthalmol 2011;21:3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/ejo.2010.6049.","DOI":"10.5301\/EJO.2010.6049"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheruvu, NPS, Amrite, AC, Kompella, UB. Effect of eye pigmentation on transscleral drug delivery. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:333\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.07-0214.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0214"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela-Fern\u00e1ndez, R, D\u00edaz-Tom\u00e9, V, Luaces-Rodr\u00edguez, A, Conde-Penedo, A, Garc\u00eda-Otero, X, Luzardo-\u00c1lvarez, A, et al.. Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye: biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic considerations. Pharmaceutics 2020;12:269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030269.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030269"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thrimawithana, TR, Rupenthal, ID, R\u00e4sch, SS, Lim, JC, Morton, JD, Bunt, CR. Drug delivery to the lens for the management of cataracts. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018;126:185\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2018.03.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.03.009"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinreb, RN, Aung, T, Medeiros, FA. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review. JAMA 2014;311:1901\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.3192.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadhira, AM, Djatikusumo, A, Victor, AA. Brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in real-world setting. Int J Retina 2023;6:130.","DOI":"10.35479\/ijretina.2023.vol006.iss002.247"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azari, AA, Barney, NP. Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 2013;310:1721\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.280318.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280318"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_064","unstructured":"Javadi, M-A, Feizi, S. Dry eye syndrome. J\u00a0Ophthalmic Vis Res 2011;6:192."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_065","unstructured":"Garg, P, Rao, GN. Corneal ulcer: diagnosis and management, Community. Eye Health 1999;12:21."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, C-H, Wang, P-Y, Lin, IC, Huang, H, Liu, G-S, Tseng, C-L. Ocular drug delivery: role of degradable polymeric nanocarriers for ophthalmic application. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19:2830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19092830.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092830"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, HN, Vitale, S, Gangaputra, SS, Nussenblatt, RB, Liesegang, TL, Levy-Clarke, GA, et al.. Periocular corticosteroid injections in uveitis: effects and complications. Ophthalmology 2014;121:2275\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.021"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jager, RD, Aiello, LP, Patel, SC, Cunningham, ETJr. Risks of intravitreous injection: a comprehensive review. Retina 2004;24:676\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006982-200410000-00002.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200410000-00002"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Amo, EM, Rimpel\u00e4, A-K, Heikkinen, E, Kari, OK, Ramsay, E, Lajunen, T, et al.. Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017;57:134\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornof, M, Toropainen, E, Urtti, A. Cell culture models of the ocular barriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005;60:207\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2005.01.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2005.01.009"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigurdsson, HH, Konr\u00e1\u00f0sd\u00f3ttir, F, Loftsson, T, Stefansson, E. Topical and systemic absorption in delivery of dexamethasone to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2007;85:598\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00885.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00885.x"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yellepeddi, VK, Palakurthi, S. Recent advances in topical ocular drug delivery. J\u00a0Ocul Pharmacol Therapeut 2016;32:67\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jop.2015.0047.","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2015.0047"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waite, D, Wang, Y, Jones, D, Stitt, A, Raj Singh, TR. Posterior drug delivery via periocular route: challenges and opportunities. Ther Deliv 2017;8:685\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4155\/tde-2017-0097.","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2017-0097"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranta, V-P, Mannermaa, E, Lummepuro, K, Subrizi, A, Laukkanen, A, Antopolsky, M, et al.. Barrier analysis of periocular drug delivery to the posterior segment. J\u00a0Contr Release 2010;148:42\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.08.028.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.08.028"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinze, T, Liebert, T, Heublein, B, Hornig, S. Functional polymers based on dextran. Polysaccharides Ii 2006:199\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/12_100.","DOI":"10.1007\/12_100"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silv\u00e9rio, SC, Macedo, EA, Teixeira, JA, Rodrigues, LR. Perspectives on the biotechnological production and potential applications of lactosucrose: a review. J\u00a0Funct Foods 2015;19:74\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2015.09.014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.09.014"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_078","unstructured":"Whistler, R. Industrial gums: polysaccharides and their derivatives. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2012."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longley, CJ, Fung, DPC. Potential applications and markets for biomass-derived levoglucosan, advances in thermochemical biomass conversion. London: Springer; 1993:1484\u201394 pp.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-1336-6_120"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6nwall, A, Ingelman, B. Dextran as a substitute for plasma. Nature 1945;155:45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/155045a0.","DOI":"10.1038\/155045a0"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruber, UF. Dextran and the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications. Surg Clin 1975;55:679\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0039-6109(16)40642-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)40642-0"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klotz, U, Kroemer, H. Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations in the use of plasma expanders. Clin Pharmacokinet 1987;12:123\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00003088-198712020-00003.","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198712020-00003"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinderman, CE, Landow, L, Wise, RP. Anaphylactoid reactions to dextran 40 and 70: reports to the United\u00a0States food and drug administration, 1969 to 2004. J\u00a0Vasc Surg 2006;43:1004\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.01.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.01.006"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasrollahzadeh, M, Sajjadi, M, Nezafat, Z, Shafiei, N. Chapter 3 \u2013 polysaccharide biopolymer chemistry. In: Nasrollahzadeh, M, editor. Biopolymer-based metal nanoparticle chemistry for sustainable applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands; 2021:45\u2013105 pp.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822108-2.00019-3"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anirudhan, TS, Binusreejayan. Dextran based nanosized carrier for the controlled and targeted delivery of curcumin to liver cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2016;88:222\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.040.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.040"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoniou, E, Tsianou, M. Solution properties of dextran in water and in formamide. J\u00a0Appl Polym Sci 2012;125:1681\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/app.35475.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.35475"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suner, SS, Sahiner, M, Sengel, SB, Rees, DJ, Reed, WF, Sahiner, N. Responsive biopolymer-based microgels\/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Stimuli Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery Applications 2018;1:453\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-08-101997-9.00021-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-101997-9.00021-7"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balani, K, Verma, V, Agarwal, A, Narayan, R. Biosurfaces: a materials science and engineering perspective. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons; 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118950623"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_088","unstructured":"Shukla, R, Shukla, S, Bivolarski, V, Iliev, I, Ivanova, I, Goyal, A. Structural characterization of insoluble dextran produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1149 in the presence of maltose. Food Technol Biotechnol 2011;49:291."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J, Hang, F, Guo, B, Liu, Z, You, C, Wu, Z. Dextran synthesized by Leuconostoc mesenteroides BD1710 in tomato juice supplemented with sucrose. Carbohydr Polym 2014;112:556\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.06.035.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.06.035"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, Fd.S, Ferrari, LZ, Cassimiro, DL, Ribeiro, CA, De Almeida, AE, Gremi\u00e3o, MPD. Effect of 70-kDa and 148-kDa dextran hydrogels on praziquantel solubility. J\u00a0Therm Anal Calorim 2016;123:2157\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10973-015-4826-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-015-4826-3"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, BA. Rheology of polymer melts, the science and technology of flexible packaging. STFP 2017;121\u201347.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-24273-8.00005-8"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarour, K, Llamas, MG, Prieto, A, Ruas-Madiedo, P, Due\u00f1as, MT, de Palencia, PF, et al.. Rheology and bioactivity of high molecular weight dextrans synthesised by lactic acid bacteria. Carbohydr Polym 2017;174:646\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.06.113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.06.113"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_093","unstructured":"Masuelli, MA. Dextrans in aqueous solution. Experimental review on intrinsic viscosity measurements and temperature effect Chemistry. J Polym Biopolym Phys 2014;1:13\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12691\/jpbpc-1-1-3."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seymour, RB, Carraher, CE, Seymour, RB, Carraher, CE. Thermal properties of polymers. S-PR 1984;83\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-4748-4_7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-4748-4_7"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varshosaz, J. Dextran conjugates in drug delivery. Expet Opin Drug Deliv 2012;9:509\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/17425247.2012.673580.","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.673580"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhaneshwar, SS, Kandpal, M, Gairola, N, Kadam, SS. Dextran: a promising macromolecular drug carrier. Indian J Pharmaceut Sci 2006;68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0250-474x.31000.","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.31000"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R-h., Zeng, T, Wu, M, Zhang, H-b., Hu, X-q.. Effects of esterification on the structural, physicochemical, and flocculation properties of dextran. Carbohydr Polym 2017;174:1129\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.07.034.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.07.034"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liebert, T, Wotschadlo, J, Laudeley, P, Heinze, T. Meltable dextran esters as biocompatible and functional coating materials. Biomacromolecules 2011;12:3107\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bm200841b.","DOI":"10.1021\/bm200841b"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pahimanolis, N, Vesterinen, A-H, Rich, J, Seppala, J. Modification of dextran using click-chemistry approach in aqueous media. Carbohydr Polym 2010;82:78\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.04.025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.04.025"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, MF, Cristea, M, Winnik, FM. Polymeric micelles for oral drug delivery: why and how. Pure Appl Chem 2004;76:1321\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1351\/pac200476071321.","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200476071321"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortesi, R, Esposito, E, Osti, M, Menegatti, E, Squarzoni, G, Davis, SS, et al.. Dextran cross-linked gelatin microspheres as a drug delivery system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1999;47:153\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0939-6411(98)00076-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(98)00076-9"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes, M, Mateo, C, Fernandez-Lafuente, R, Guis\u00e1n, JM. Aldehyde\u2013dextran\u2013protein conjugates to immobilize amino-haptens: avoiding cross-reactions in the immunodetection. Enzym Microb Technol 2005;36:510\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2004.11.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2004.11.004"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Q, Zhu, X, Yu, J, Karangwa, E, Xia, S, Zhang, X, et al.. Mechanism of formation and stabilization of nanoparticles produced by heating electrostatic complexes of WPI\u2013dextran conjugate and chondroitin sulfate. J\u00a0Agric Food Chem 2016;64:5539\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b01213.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b01213"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavan, C, Bala, P, Pal, K, Kale, SN. Cross-linked chitosan-dextran sulphate vehicle system for controlled release of ciprofloxaxin drug: an ophthalmic application. Open 2017;2:28\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onano.2017.04.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onano.2017.04.002"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H, Chen, Q, Zhou, S. Carbon-based hybrid nanogels: a synergistic nanoplatform for combined biosensing, bioimaging, and responsive drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2018;47:4198\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c7cs00399d.","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00399D"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theune, LE, Buchmann, J, Wedepohl, S, Molina, M, Laufer, J, Calder\u00f3n, M. NIR-and thermo-responsive semi-interpenetrated polypyrrole nanogels for imaging guided combinational photothermal and chemotherapy. J\u00a0Contr Release 2019;311:147\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.08.035.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.08.035"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasaki, Y, Akiyoshi, K. Nanogel engineering for new nanobiomaterials: from chaperoning engineering to biomedical applications. Chem Rec 2010;10:366\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tcr.201000008.","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.201000008"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajebi, S, Rabiee, N, Bagherzadeh, M, Ahmadi, S, Rabiee, M, Roghani-Mamaqani, H, et al.. Stimulus-responsive polymeric nanogels as smart drug delivery systems. Acta Biomater 2019;92:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.05.018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.05.018"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Y, Hu, B, Yuan, X, Cai, L, Gao, H, Yang, Q. Nanogel: a versatile nano-delivery system for biomedical applications. Pharmaceutics 2020;12:290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030290.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030290"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabanov, AV, Vinogradov, SV. Nanogels as pharmaceutical carriers: finite networks of infinite capabilities. Angew Chem Int Ed 2009;48:5418\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.200900441.","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200900441"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szil\u00e1gyi, B\u00c1, N\u00e9methy, \u00c1, Magyar, A, Szab\u00f3, I, B\u0151sze, S, Gyarmati, B, et al.. Amino acid based polymer hydrogel with enzymatically degradable cross-links. React Funct Polym 2018;133:21\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.09.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.09.015"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanasarn, N, Sloat, BR, Cui, Z. Nanoparticles engineered from lecithin-in-water emulsions as a potential delivery system for docetaxel. Int J Pharm 2009;379:174\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.06.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.06.004"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortez-Lemus, NA, Licea-Claverie, A. Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam), a comprehensive review on a thermoresponsive polymer becoming popular. Prog Polym Sci 2016;53:1\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2015.08.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2015.08.001"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buwalda, SJ, Vermonden, T, Hennink, WE. Hydrogels for therapeutic delivery: current developments and future directions. Biomacromolecules 2017;18:316\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.biomac.6b01604.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.6b01604"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J, Wang, X, Yan, G, Fu, S, Tang, R. pH-sensitive nanogels with ortho ester linkages prepared via thiol-ene click chemistry for efficient intracellular drug release. J\u00a0Colloid Interface Sci 2017;508:282\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.08.051.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.08.051"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dispenza, C, Spadaro, G, Jonsson, M. Radiation engineering of multifunctional nanogels, Applications of radiation chemistry in the fields of industry. Biotechnol Environ 2017:95\u2013120.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54145-7_4"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J, Tong, X, Zhao, Y. Photoresponsive nanogels based on photocontrollable cross-links. Macromolecules 2009;42:4845\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ma900665v.","DOI":"10.1021\/ma900665v"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultana, F, Imran-Ul-Haque, M, Arafat, M, Sharmin, S. An overview of nanogel drug delivery system. J\u00a0Appl Pharmaceut Sci 2013;3:S95\u2013105.","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2013.38.S15"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akiyoshi, K, Sasaki, Y, Sunamoto, J. Molecular chaperone-like activity of hydrogel nanoparticles of hydrophobized pullulan: thermal stabilization with refolding of carbonic anhydrase B. Bioconjug Chem 1999;10:321\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bc9801272.","DOI":"10.1021\/bc9801272"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gref, R, Amiel, C, Molinard, K, Daoud-Mahammed, S, S\u00e9bille, B, Gillet, B, et al.. New self-assembled nanogels based on host\u2013guest interactions: characterization and drug loading. J\u00a0Contr Release 2006;111:316\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2005.12.025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2005.12.025"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinogradov, SV, Bronich, TK, Kabanov, AV. Nanosized cationic hydrogels for drug delivery: preparation, properties and interactions with cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002;54:135\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0169-409x(01)00245-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00245-9"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kettel, MJ, Dierkes, F, Schaefer, K, Moeller, M, Pich, A. Aqueous nanogels modified with cyclodextrin. Polymer 2011;52:1917\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymer.2011.02.037.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2011.02.037"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerrero-Ram\u00edrez, LG, Nuno-Donlucas, SM, Cesteros, LC, Katime, I. Smart copolymeric nanohydrogels: synthesis, characterization and properties. Mater Chem Phys 2008;112:1088\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2008.07.023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2008.07.023"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daoud-Mahammed, S, Ringard-Lefebvre, C, Razzouq, N, Rosilio, V, Gillet, B, Couvreur, P, et al.. Spontaneous association of hydrophobized dextran and poly-\u03b2-cyclodextrin into nanoassemblies.: formation and interaction with a hydrophobic drug. J\u00a0Colloid Interface Sci 2007;307:83\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.10.072.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.10.072"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, JK. Engineering of nanometer-sized cross-linked hydrogels for biomedical applications. Can J Chem 2010;88:173\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/v09-158.","DOI":"10.1139\/v09-158"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inomoto, N, Osaka, N, Suzuki, T, Hasegawa, U, Ozawa, Y, Endo, H, et al.. Interaction of nanogel with cyclodextrin or protein: study by dynamic light scattering and small-angle neutron scattering. Polymer 2009;50:541\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.11.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.11.001"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q, Xu, H, Yang, X, Yang, Y. Drug release behavior from in\u00a0situ gelatinized thermosensitive nanogel aqueous dispersions. Int J Pharm 2008;361:189\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.05.011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.05.011"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morimoto, N, Endo, T, Ohtomi, M, Iwasaki, Y, Akiyoshi, K. Hybrid nanogels with physical and chemical cross\u2010linking structures as nanocarriers. Macromol Biosci 2005;5:710\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mabi.200500051.","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200500051"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, W, Chang, Y, Liu, G, Wang, H, Cao, A, An, Z. Biocompatible, antifouling, and thermosensitive core\u2212 shell nanogels synthesized by RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization. Macromolecules 2011;44:2524\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ma200074n.","DOI":"10.1021\/ma200074n"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barthelmes, J, Perera, G, Hombach, J, D\u00fcnnhaupt, S, Bernkop-Schn\u00fcrch, A. Development of a mucoadhesive nanoparticulate drug delivery system for a targeted drug release in the bladder. Int J Pharm 2011;416:339\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.06.033.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.06.033"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramteke, S, Ganesh, N, Bhattacharya, S, Jain, NK. Triple therapy-based targeted nanoparticles for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. J\u00a0Drug Target 2008;16:694\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10611860802295839.","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860802295839"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daoud-Mahammed, S, Couvreur, P, Gref, R. Novel self-assembling nanogels: stability and lyophilisation studies. Int J Pharm 2007;332:185\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.09.052.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.09.052"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, T, Sharma, N, Gupta, N, Rajput, D, Tripathi, K. Fabrication of nanogel for topical drug delivery of montelukast. Asian J Pharmaceut Res Dev 2022;10:53\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22270\/ajprd.v10i6.1190.","DOI":"10.22270\/ajprd.v10i6.1190"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zha, Q, Wang, X, Cheng, X, Fu, S, Yang, G, Yao, W, et al.. Acid\u2013degradable carboxymethyl chitosan nanogels via an ortho ester linkage mediated improved penetration and growth inhibition of 3-D tumor spheroids in\u00a0vitro. Mater Sci Eng C 2017;78:246\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2017.04.098.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.04.098"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y, Wang, X, Chen, J, Zhang, J, Meng, F, Deng, C, et al.. Bioresponsive and fluorescent hyaluronic acid-iodixanol nanogels for targeted X-ray computed tomography imaging and chemotherapy of breast tumors. J\u00a0Contr Release 2016;244:229\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.08.027.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.08.027"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferozekhan, S, Umashankar, MS, Narayanasamy, D. A comprehensive review of nanogel-based drug delivery systems. Cureus 2024;16:e68633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.68633.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.68633"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_137","unstructured":"Chaiyasan, W, Srinivas, SP, Tiyaboonchai, W. Crosslinked chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticle for improved topical ocular drug delivery. Mol Vis 2015;21:1224."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardeshi, SR, More, MP, Pardeshi, CV, Chaudhari, PJ, Gholap, AD, Patil, A, et al.. Novel crosslinked nanoparticles of chitosan oligosaccharide and dextran sulfate for ocular administration of dorzolamide against glaucoma. J\u00a0Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023;86:104719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104719.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104719"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, AA, Starita, C, Hodgetts, A, Marshall, J. Macromolecular diffusion characteristics of ageing human Bruch\u2019s membrane: implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Exp Eye Res 2010;90:703\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2010.02.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.02.013"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaskoos, RA. Investigation of moxifloxacin loaded chitosan\u2013dextran nanoparticles for topical instillation into eye: in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm Invest 2014;4:164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-973x.143114.","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.143114"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammassam Veettil, R, Marcano, DC, Yuan, X, Zaheer, M, Adumbumkulath, A, Lee, R, et al.. Dextran sulfate polymer wafer promotes corneal wound healing. Pharmaceutics 2021;13:1628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101628.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101628"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkar, S, Osman, N, Thrimawithana, T, Wann, SB, Kalita, J, Manna, P. Alleviation of diabetic retinopathy by glucose-triggered delivery of vitamin D via dextran-gated functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2024;7:1260\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsabm.3c01200.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c01200"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito, T, Yeo, Y, Highley, CB, Bellas, E, Kohane, DS. Dextran-based in\u00a0situ cross-linked injectable hydrogels to prevent peritoneal adhesions. Biomaterials 2007;28:3418\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.04.017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.04.017"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado, D, del Pozo-Rodr\u00edguez, A, Solin\u00eds, M\u00c1, Avil\u00e9s-Triqueros, M, Weber, BHF, Fern\u00e1ndez, E, et al.. Dextran and protamine-based solid lipid nanoparticles as potential vectors for the treatment of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. Hum Gene Ther 2012;23:345\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/hum.2011.115.","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2011.115"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazdanpanah, G, Shah, R, Somala, SRR, Anwar, KN, Shen, X, An, S, et al.. In-situ porcine corneal matrix hydrogel as ocular surface bandage. Ocul Surf 2021;21:27\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.04.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.04.004"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, H, Chen, M, Liu, Y, Zhang, D, Shen, J, Ni, N, et al.. Injectable anti\u2010inflammatory supramolecular nanofiber hydrogel to promote anti\u2010VEGF therapy in age\u2010related macular degeneration treatment. Adv Mater 2023;35:2204994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202204994.","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202204994"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, H, Zhang, W, Wu, Y, Han, X, Liu, G, Jia, Q, et al.. Schiff base-containing dextran nanogel as pH-sensitive drug delivery system of doxorubicin: synthesis and characterization. J\u00a0Biomater Appl 2018;33:170\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0885328218783969.","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328218783969"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_148","unstructured":"Bahadar, H, Maqbool, F, Niaz, K, Abdollahi, M. Toxicity of nanoparticles and an overview of current experimental models. Iran Biomed J 2016;20:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7508\/ibj.2016.01.001."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rout, GK, Shin, H-S, Gouda, S, Sahoo, S, Das, G, Fraceto, LF, et al.. Current advances in nanocarriers for biomedical research and their applications, Artificial Cells. Nanomed Biotechnol 2018;46:1053\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21691401.2018.1478843.","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1478843"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T, Jin, X, Zhang, N, Jiao, X, Ma, Y, Liu, R, et al.. Targeted drug delivery vehicles mediated by nanocarriers and aptamers for posterior eye disease therapeutics: barriers, recent advances and potential opportunities. Nanotechnology 2022;33:162001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac46d5.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac46d5"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_151","unstructured":"Goostrey, T. Preactivated thiomer mucoadhesive micelles for anterior ophthalmic drug delivery. MacSphere, Open Access Dissertations and Theses Community; 2021. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11375\/26461."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onugwu, AL, Nwagwu, CS, Onugwu, OS, Echezona, AC, Agbo, CP, Ihim, SA, et al.. Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of anterior segment eye diseases. J\u00a0Contr Release 2023;354:465\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.01.018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.01.018"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delair, T. Colloidal polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan and dextran sulfate towards versatile nanocarriers of bioactive molecules. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011;78:10\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.12.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.12.001"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_154","unstructured":"I.C.H.H.T. Guideline. Pharmaceutical development, Q8 (2R). As revised in August 23. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline 2009."},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alotaibi, G, Alharthi, S, Basu, B, Ash, D, Dutta, S, Singh, S, et al.. Nano-gels: recent advancement in fabrication methods for mitigation of skin cancer. Gels 2023;9:331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels9040331.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9040331"},{"key":"2025123014583500363_j_znc-2025-0014_ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohite, P, Puri, A, Munde, S, Ade, N, Kumar, A, Jantrawut, P, et al.. Hydrogel-forming microneedles in the management of dermal disorders through a non-invasive process: a review. Gels 2024;10:719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels10110719.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10110719"}],"container-title":["Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Naturforschung C"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/znc-2025-0014\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/znc-2025-0014\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T14:59:49Z","timestamp":1767106789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/znc-2025-0014\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/znc-2025-0014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/znc-2025-0014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0939-5075","1865-7125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0939-5075","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-7125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]}}}