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However, factors such as low in-planta content, seasonal constraints, and environmental variability contribute to vulnerabilities in the supply chain. In light of these challenges, microbial biosynthesis using engineered strains (e.g., yeast) has emerged as a promising alternative, though it requires complete elucidation and functional expression of all pathway enzymes. Enhancing BIAs production in crops through transcriptional regulation\u00a0\u2013\u00a0targeting key enzymes, transcription factors (such as WRKY, bHLH, and AP2\/ERF families), and phytohormone signaling\u00a0\u2013\u00a0represents a feasible interim strategy. Advanced approaches, including coexpression of enzyme genes and transcription factors, hold promise for accelerating the development of industrial-scale alkaloid-producing cell factories and crop improvement, thereby enabling sustainable drug supply.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2026-0164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:57:45Z","timestamp":1792598265000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biosynthesis, enzymatic basis, and transcriptional regulation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in medicinal plants"],"prefix":"10.1515","author":[{"given":"Yiru","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan , 610031 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan , 610031 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan , 610031 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan , 610031 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan , 610031 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7990-3952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hezhong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan , 610031 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102115574075451_j_znc-2026-0164_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagel, JM, Facchini, PJ. 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