{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T23:50:36Z","timestamp":1764978636635,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/MAT\/00297\/2013","Investigador FCT","PEst-OE\/EEI\/LA0009\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/MAT\/00297\/2013","Investigador FCT","PEst-OE\/EEI\/LA0009\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We study the existence of ground states for the coupled Schr\u00f6dinger system<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:inline-formula id=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9999\">\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <m:mrow>\n                            <m:mo>{<\/m:mo>\n                            <m:mtable columnspacing=\"0pt\" displaystyle=\"true\" rowspacing=\"0pt\">\n                              <m:mtr>\n                                <m:mtd\/>\n                                <m:mtd columnalign=\"left\">\n                                  <m:mrow>\n                                    <m:mrow>\n                                      <m:mrow>\n                                        <m:mrow>\n                                          <m:mo>-<\/m:mo>\n                                          <m:mrow>\n                                            <m:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/m:mi>\n                                            <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                            <m:msub>\n                                              <m:mi>u<\/m:mi>\n                                              <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                            <\/m:msub>\n                                          <\/m:mrow>\n                                        <\/m:mrow>\n                                        <m:mo>+<\/m:mo>\n                                        <m:mrow>\n                                          <m:msub>\n                                            <m:mi>\u03bb<\/m:mi>\n                                            <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                          <\/m:msub>\n                                          <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                          <m:msub>\n                                            <m:mi>u<\/m:mi>\n                                            <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                          <\/m:msub>\n                                        <\/m:mrow>\n                                      <\/m:mrow>\n                                      <m:mo>=<\/m:mo>\n                                      <m:mrow>\n                                        <m:mrow>\n                                          <m:msub>\n                                            <m:mi>\u03bc<\/m:mi>\n                                            <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                          <\/m:msub>\n                                          <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                          <m:msup>\n                                            <m:mrow>\n                                              <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">|<\/m:mo>\n                                              <m:msub>\n                                                <m:mi>u<\/m:mi>\n                                                <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                              <\/m:msub>\n                                              <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">|<\/m:mo>\n                                            <\/m:mrow>\n                                            <m:mrow>\n                                              <m:mrow>\n                                                <m:mn>2<\/m:mn>\n                                                <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                                <m:mi>q<\/m:mi>\n                                              <\/m:mrow>\n                                              <m:mo>-<\/m:mo>\n                                              <m:mn>2<\/m:mn>\n                                            <\/m:mrow>\n                                          <\/m:msup>\n                                          <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                          <m:msub>\n                                            <m:mi>u<\/m:mi>\n                                            <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                          <\/m:msub>\n                                        <\/m:mrow>\n                                        <m:mo>+<\/m:mo>\n                                        <m:mrow>\n                                          <m:munder>\n                                            <m:mo largeop=\"true\" movablelimits=\"false\" symmetric=\"true\">\u2211<\/m:mo>\n                                            <m:mrow>\n                                              <m:mi>j<\/m:mi>\n                                              <m:mo>\u2260<\/m:mo>\n                                              <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                            <\/m:mrow>\n                                          <\/m:munder>\n                                          <m:mrow>\n                                            <m:msub>\n                                              <m:mi>b<\/m:mi>\n                                              <m:mrow>\n                                                <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                                <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                                <m:mi>j<\/m:mi>\n                                              <\/m:mrow>\n                                            <\/m:msub>\n                                            <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                            <m:msup>\n                                              <m:mrow>\n                                                <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">|<\/m:mo>\n                                                <m:msub>\n                                                  <m:mi>u<\/m:mi>\n                                                  <m:mi>j<\/m:mi>\n                                                <\/m:msub>\n                                                <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">|<\/m:mo>\n                                              <\/m:mrow>\n                                              <m:mi>q<\/m:mi>\n                                            <\/m:msup>\n                                            <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                            <m:msup>\n                                              <m:mrow>\n                                                <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">|<\/m:mo>\n                                                <m:msub>\n                                                  <m:mi>u<\/m:mi>\n                                                  <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                                <\/m:msub>\n                                                <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">|<\/m:mo>\n                                              <\/m:mrow>\n                                              <m:mrow>\n                                                <m:mi>q<\/m:mi>\n                                                <m:mo>-<\/m:mo>\n                                                <m:mn>2<\/m:mn>\n                                              <\/m:mrow>\n                                            <\/m:msup>\n                                            <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                            <m:msub>\n                                              <m:mi>u<\/m:mi>\n                                              <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                            <\/m:msub>\n                                          <\/m:mrow>\n                                        <\/m:mrow>\n                                      <\/m:mrow>\n                                    <\/m:mrow>\n                                    <m:mo>,<\/m:mo>\n                                  <\/m:mrow>\n                                <\/m:mtd>\n                              <\/m:mtr>\n                              <m:mtr>\n                                <m:mtd\/>\n                                <m:mtd columnalign=\"left\">\n                                  <m:mrow>\n                                    <m:mrow>\n                                      <m:mrow>\n                                        <m:msub>\n                                          <m:mi>u<\/m:mi>\n                                          <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                        <\/m:msub>\n                                        <m:mo>\u2208<\/m:mo>\n                                        <m:mrow>\n                                          <m:msup>\n                                            <m:mi>H<\/m:mi>\n                                            <m:mn>1<\/m:mn>\n                                          <\/m:msup>\n                                          <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                          <m:mrow>\n                                            <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/m:mo>\n                                            <m:msup>\n                                              <m:mi>\u211d<\/m:mi>\n                                              <m:mi>n<\/m:mi>\n                                            <\/m:msup>\n                                            <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/m:mo>\n                                          <\/m:mrow>\n                                        <\/m:mrow>\n                                      <\/m:mrow>\n                                      <m:mo rspace=\"12.5pt\">,<\/m:mo>\n                                      <m:mrow>\n                                        <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                        <m:mo>=<\/m:mo>\n                                        <m:mrow>\n                                          <m:mn>1<\/m:mn>\n                                          <m:mo>,<\/m:mo>\n                                          <m:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u2026<\/m:mi>\n                                          <m:mo>,<\/m:mo>\n                                          <m:mi>d<\/m:mi>\n                                        <\/m:mrow>\n                                      <\/m:mrow>\n                                    <\/m:mrow>\n                                    <m:mo>,<\/m:mo>\n                                  <\/m:mrow>\n                                <\/m:mtd>\n                              <\/m:mtr>\n                            <\/m:mtable>\n                          <\/m:mrow>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9999\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_ans-2015-5029_inl_001.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$\\left\\{\\begin{aligned} &amp;\\displaystyle-\\Delta u_{i}+\\lambda_{i}u_{i}=\\mu_{i}|u_% {i}|^{2q-2}u_{i}+\\sum_{j\\neq i}b_{ij}|u_{j}|^{q}|u_{i}|^{q-2}u_{i},\\\\ &amp;\\displaystyle u_{i}\\in H^{1}(\\mathbb{R}^{n}),\\quad i=1,\\ldots,d,\\end{aligned}\\right.$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:inline-formula id=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9998\">\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <m:mrow>\n                            <m:mi>n<\/m:mi>\n                            <m:mo>\u2265<\/m:mo>\n                            <m:mn>1<\/m:mn>\n                          <\/m:mrow>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9998\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_ans-2015-5029_inl_002.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>${n\\geq 1}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , for\n                    <jats:inline-formula id=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9997\">\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <m:mrow>\n                            <m:mrow>\n                              <m:msub>\n                                <m:mi>\u03bb<\/m:mi>\n                                <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                              <\/m:msub>\n                              <m:mo>,<\/m:mo>\n                              <m:msub>\n                                <m:mi>\u03bc<\/m:mi>\n                                <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                              <\/m:msub>\n                            <\/m:mrow>\n                            <m:mo>&gt;<\/m:mo>\n                            <m:mn>0<\/m:mn>\n                          <\/m:mrow>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9997\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_ans-2015-5029_inl_003.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>${\\lambda_{i},\\mu_{i}&gt;0}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:inline-formula id=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9996\">\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <m:mrow>\n                            <m:msub>\n                              <m:mi>b<\/m:mi>\n                              <m:mrow>\n                                <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                                <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                <m:mi>j<\/m:mi>\n                              <\/m:mrow>\n                            <\/m:msub>\n                            <m:mo>=<\/m:mo>\n                            <m:msub>\n                              <m:mi>b<\/m:mi>\n                              <m:mrow>\n                                <m:mi>j<\/m:mi>\n                                <m:mo>\u2062<\/m:mo>\n                                <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                              <\/m:mrow>\n                            <\/m:msub>\n                            <m:mo>&gt;<\/m:mo>\n                            <m:mn>0<\/m:mn>\n                          <\/m:mrow>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9996\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_ans-2015-5029_inl_004.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>${b_{ij}=b_{ji}&gt;0}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    (the so-called \u201csymmetric attractive case\u201d) and\n                    <jats:inline-formula id=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9995\">\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <m:mrow>\n                            <m:mn>1<\/m:mn>\n                            <m:mo>&lt;<\/m:mo>\n                            <m:mi>q<\/m:mi>\n                            <m:mo>&lt;<\/m:mo>\n                            <m:mrow>\n                              <m:mi>n<\/m:mi>\n                              <m:mo>\/<\/m:mo>\n                              <m:msup>\n                                <m:mrow>\n                                  <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/m:mo>\n                                  <m:mrow>\n                                    <m:mi>n<\/m:mi>\n                                    <m:mo>-<\/m:mo>\n                                    <m:mn>2<\/m:mn>\n                                  <\/m:mrow>\n                                  <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/m:mo>\n                                <\/m:mrow>\n                                <m:mo>+<\/m:mo>\n                              <\/m:msup>\n                            <\/m:mrow>\n                          <\/m:mrow>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9995\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_ans-2015-5029_inl_005.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>${1&lt;q&lt;n\/(n-2)^{+}}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . We prove the existence of a nonnegative ground state\n                    <jats:inline-formula id=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9994\">\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <m:mrow>\n                            <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/m:mo>\n                            <m:msubsup>\n                              <m:mi>u<\/m:mi>\n                              <m:mn>1<\/m:mn>\n                              <m:mo>*<\/m:mo>\n                            <\/m:msubsup>\n                            <m:mo>,<\/m:mo>\n                            <m:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u2026<\/m:mi>\n                            <m:mo>,<\/m:mo>\n                            <m:msubsup>\n                              <m:mi>u<\/m:mi>\n                              <m:mi>d<\/m:mi>\n                              <m:mo>*<\/m:mo>\n                            <\/m:msubsup>\n                            <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/m:mo>\n                          <\/m:mrow>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9994\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_ans-2015-5029_inl_006.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>${(u_{1}^{*},\\ldots,u_{d}^{*})}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    with\n                    <jats:inline-formula id=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9993\">\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <m:msubsup>\n                            <m:mi>u<\/m:mi>\n                            <m:mi>i<\/m:mi>\n                            <m:mo>*<\/m:mo>\n                          <\/m:msubsup>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9993\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_ans-2015-5029_inl_007.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>${u_{i}^{*}}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    radially decreasing. Moreover, we show that if in addition\n                    <jats:inline-formula id=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9992\">\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <m:mrow>\n                            <m:mi>q<\/m:mi>\n                            <m:mo>&lt;<\/m:mo>\n                            <m:mn>2<\/m:mn>\n                          <\/m:mrow>\n                        <\/m:math>\n                        <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"j_ans-2015-5029_eq_9992\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/j_ans-2015-5029_inl_008.png\"\/>\n                        <jats:tex-math>${q&lt;2}$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , such ground states are positive in all dimensions and for all values of the parameters.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/ans-2015-5029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T16:09:37Z","timestamp":1458403777000},"page":"381-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ground States for a Nonlinear Schr\u00f6dinger System with Sublinear Coupling Terms"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Filipe","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics Department, FCT-UNL, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica Campus, 2829-516, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAMGSD & Mathematics Department, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120523491027898_j_ans-2015-5029_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhmediev N. and Ankiewicz A., Partially coherent solitons on a finite background, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999), 26\u201361.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.82.2661"},{"key":"2025120523491027898_j_ans-2015-5029_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosetti A. and Colorado E., Bound and ground states of coupled nonlinear Schr\u00f6dinger equations, C. R. Math. Acad. Sci. Paris 342 (2006), 453\u2013458.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crma.2006.01.024"},{"key":"2025120523491027898_j_ans-2015-5029_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosetti A. and Colorado E., Standing waves of some coupled nonlinear Schr\u00f6dinger equations, J. Lond. Math. Soc. 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K., Uniqueness of positive solutions of -\u0394\u2062u+u=up${-\\Delta u+u=u^{p}}$ in \u211dN${\\mathbb{R}^{N}}$, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 105 (1989), 243\u2013266.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00251502"},{"key":"2025120523491027898_j_ans-2015-5029_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin T.-C. and Wei J., Ground state of N coupled nonlinear Schr\u00f6dinger equations in \u211dn${\\mathbb{R}^{n}}$, n\u22643${n\\leq 3}$, Comm. Math. Phys. 255 (2005), 629\u2013653.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00220-005-1313-x"},{"key":"2025120523491027898_j_ans-2015-5029_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lions P. L., The concentration-compactness principle in the calculus of variations. Part 1, Ann. Inst. H. Poincar\u00e9 Anal. 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