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Using administrative data, we assess grade inflation in Portuguese high schools over a decade. We propose a relative measure of grade inflation, comparing students\u2019 high school grades to their national exam ranks. Examining various school types, we find that private schools tend to inflate grades more than their public school peers, particularly at the top of the ability distribution. A regional disaggregation indicates that the northern districts exhibit higher probabilities of grade inflation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/bejeap-2024-0136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T06:09:27Z","timestamp":1744783767000},"page":"305-342","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Public and Private School Grade Inflation Patterns in Secondary Education"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4282-4932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Lu\u00eds","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Higher Education Policies (CIPES) , Matosinhos , Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Applied Economics , Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) , Bonn , Germany"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"DesJardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marsal Family School of Education , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5596-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Biscaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Higher Education Policies (CIPES) , Matosinhos , Portugal"},{"name":"School of Economics and Management , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Economics and Finance at UPorto (Cef.up) , Porto , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3255-4687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Higher Education Policies (CIPES) , Matosinhos , Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Economics , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Research in Economics and Management (NIPE), Braga , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7128-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro N.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Higher Education Policies (CIPES) , Matosinhos , Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) , Bonn , Germany"},{"name":"School of Economics and Management , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Economics and Finance at UPorto (Cef.up) , Porto , Portugal"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042312245804722_j_bejeap-2024-0136_ref_001","unstructured":"ACT. 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