{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T13:07:46Z","timestamp":1762348066123,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EGE-ECO\/4764\/2021","SFRH\/BD\/70215\/2010","Social Sciences DataLab, PINFRA\/22209\/2016","UIDP\/00124\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EGE-ECO\/4764\/2021","SFRH\/BD\/70215\/2010","Social Sciences DataLab, PINFRA\/22209\/2016","UIDP\/00124\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous research that investigates the gender gap in student achievement has identified a gender gap in the difference between teacher grading and scores on national exams at the end of secondary school. In this paper we go a step further and look at how teacher characteristics may influence this gender gap. Our identification strategy takes advantage of a rich dataset that allows us to match each student with the respective teacher and contains information regarding scores obtained by each student from teacher grading, and in curriculum based national exams. Using fixed effects at the student level we find that exams are relatively more favorable for boys, regardless of the teacher gender or the gender matching. Results suggest that having a male teacher tends to increase the assessment gap for all students through a greater decrease from teacher to exam scores, the impact being less for boys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/bejeap-2024-0297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T03:56:56Z","timestamp":1756439816000},"page":"1051-1076","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender Gaps in Different Assessment Systems: The Role of Teacher Gender"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9954-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Angelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova School of Business and Economics , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Carcavelos , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0962-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Balc\u00e3o","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova School of Business and Economics , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Carcavelos , Portugal"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambady, N., M. Shih, A. Kim, and T. L. Pittinsky. 2001. \u201cStereotype Susceptibility in Children: Effects of Identity Activation on Quantitative Performance.\u201d Psychological Science 12 (5): 385\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9280.00371.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00371"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammermueller, A., and P. Dolton. 2006. Pupil-Teacher Gender Interaction Effects on Scholastic Outcomes in England and the USA. ZEW \u2013 Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 06-060.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.927689"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelo, C., and A. B. Reis. 2020. \u201cGender Gaps in Different Grading Systems.\u201d Education Economics 29 (1): 1\u201315, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09645292.2020.1853681.","DOI":"10.1080\/09645292.2020.1853681"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azmat, G., C. Calsamiglia, and N. Iriberri. 2016. \u201cGender Differences in Response to Big Stakes.\u201d Journal of the European Economic Association 14 (6): 1372\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jeea.12180.","DOI":"10.1111\/jeea.12180"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordalo, P., K. Coffman, N. Gennaioli, and A. Shleifer. 2016. \u201cStereotypes*.\u201d The Quarterly Journal of Economics 131 (4): 1753\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qje\/qjw029.","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjw029"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, X., Y. Lu, J. Pan, and S. Zhong. 2018. \u201cGender Gap Under Pressure: Evidence from China\u2019s National College Entrance Examination.\u201d The Review of Economics and Statistics 101 (2): 249\u201363, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/rest_a_00749.","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00749"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlana, M. 2019. \u201cImplicit Stereotypes: Evidence from Teachers\u2019 Gender Bias.\u201d The Quarterly Journal of Economics 134 (3): 1163\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qje\/qjz008.","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz008"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrington, B., P. Tymms, and C. Merrell. 2008. \u201cRole Models, School Improvement and the \u2018Gender Gap\u2019 \u2013 Do Men Bring out the Best in Boys and Women the Best in Girls?\u201d British Educational Research Journal 34 (3): 315\u201327, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01411920701532202.","DOI":"10.1080\/01411920701532202"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, I. 2012. \u201cThe Effect of teacher\u2013student Gender Matching: Evidence from OECD Countries.\u201d Economics of Education Review 31 (3): 54\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2012.02.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2012.02.002"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornwell, C. M., D. B. Mustard, and J. V. Parys. 2013. \u201cNon-Cognitive Skills and the Gender Disparities in Test Scores and Teacher Assessments : Evidence from Primary School.\u201d Journal of Human Resources 48 (1): 236\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/jhr.2013.0002.","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.48.1.236"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czibor, E., S. Onderstal, R. Sloof, and M. Praag. 2014. \u201cDoes Relative Grading Help Male Students? Evidence from a Field Experiment in the Classroom. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 14-116\/v.\u201d SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2488550.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2502289"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dee, T. S. 2007. \u201cTeachers and the Gender Gaps in Student Achievement.\u201d Journal of Human Resources 42 (3): 528\u201354, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3368\/jhr.xlii.3.528.","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.XLII.3.528"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehrenberg, R. G., D. D. Goldhaber, and D. J. Brewer. 1994. Do Teachers\u2019 Race, Gender, and Ethnicity Matter?: Evidence from NELS88. NBER Working Papers 4669, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.","DOI":"10.3386\/w4669"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falch, T., and L. R. Naper. 2013. \u201cEducational Evaluation Schemes and Gender Gaps in Student Achievement.\u201d Economics of Education Review 36 (1): 12\u201325, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2013.05.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2013.05.002"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, B., C. Skelton, B. Carrington, M. Hutchings, B. Read, and I. Hall. 2008. \u201cA Perfect Match? Pupils\u2019 and Teachers\u2019 Views of the Impact of Matching Educators and Learners by Gender.\u201d Research Papers in Education 23 (1): 21\u201336, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02671520701692510.","DOI":"10.1080\/02671520701692510"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heckman, J. J. 1979. \u201cSample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.\u201d Econometrica 47 (1): 153\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1912352.","DOI":"10.2307\/1912352"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinnerich, B. T., E. H\u00f6glin, and M. Johannesson. 2011. \u201cAre Boys Discriminated in Swedish High Schools?\u201d Economics of Education Review 30 (4): 682\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2011.02.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2011.02.007"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyde, J. S., E. Fennema, M. Ryan, L. A. Frost, and C. Hopp. 1990. \u201cGender Comparisons of Mathematics Attitudes and Affect: a meta-analysis.\u201d Psychology of Women Quarterly 14 (3): 299\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1990.tb00022.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1990.tb00022.x"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurajda, S., and D. M\u00fcnich. 2011. \u201cGender Gap in Performance Under Competitive Pressure: Admissions to Czech Universities.\u201d American Economic Review 101 (3): 514\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.101.3.514.","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.3.514"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlsson, L., and M. Wikstr\u00f6m. 2022. \u201cAdmission Groups and Academic Performance: a Study of Marginal Entrants in the Selection to Higher Education.\u201d The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 22 (1): 155\u201391, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bejeap-2020-0434.","DOI":"10.1515\/bejeap-2020-0434"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_021","unstructured":"Krieg, J. 2005. \u201cStudent Gender and Teacher Gender: what is the Impact on High Stakes Test Scores?\u201d Current Issues in Education 8 (9)."},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavy, V. 2008. \u201cDo Gender Stereotypes Reduce Girls\u2019 or Boys\u2019 Human Capital Outcomes? Evidence from a Natural Experiment.\u201d Journal of Public Economics 92 (10\u201311): 2083\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2008.02.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2008.02.009"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavy, V., and E. Sand. 2018. \u201cOn the Origins of Gender Gaps in Human Capital: Short- and long-term Consequences of Teachers\u2019 Biases.\u201d Journal of Public Economics 167 (1): 263\u201379, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.09.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2018.09.007"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindahl, E. 2016. \u201cAre Teacher Assessments Biased? Evidence from Sweden.\u201d Education Economics 24 (3): 224\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09645292.2015.1014882.","DOI":"10.1080\/09645292.2015.1014882"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machin, S., and S. McNally. 2005. \u201cGender and Student Achievement in English Schools.\u201d Oxford Review of Economic Policy 21 (3): 357\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxrep\/gri021.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/gri021"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcenaro-Gutierrez, O., and A. Vignoles. 2015. \u201cA Comparison of Teacher and Test-based Assessment for Spanish Primary and Secondary Students.\u201d Educational Research 57 (1): 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00131881.2014.983720.","DOI":"10.1080\/00131881.2014.983720"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, C. L., and D. Ruble. 2004. \u201cChildren\u2019s Search for Gender Cues: Cognitive Perspectives on Gender Development.\u201d Current Directions in Psychological Science 13 (2): 67\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00276.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00276.x"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nixon, L. A., and M. D. Robinson. 1999. \u201cThe Educational Attainment of Young Women: Role Model Effects of Female High School Faculty.\u201d Demography 36 (2): 185\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2648107.","DOI":"10.2307\/2648107"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ors, E., F. Palomino, and E. Peyrache. 2013. \u201cPerformance Gender Gap: Does Competition Matter?\u201d Journal of Labor Economics 31 (3): 443\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/669331.","DOI":"10.1086\/669331"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paredes, V. 2014. \u201cA Teacher like me or a Student like me? Role Model Versus Teacher Bias Effect.\u201d Economics of Education Review 39 (1): 38\u201349, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2013.12.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2013.12.001"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pekkarinen, T. 2015. \u201cGender Differences in Behaviour Under Competitive Pressure: Evidence on Omission Patterns in University Entrance Examinations.\u201d Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 115: 94\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jebo.2014.08.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2014.08.007"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenthal, R., and L. Jacobson. 1968. \u201cPygmalion in the Classroom.\u201d The Urban Review 3 (1): 16\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02322211.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02322211"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansone, D. 2017. \u201cWhy does Teacher Gender Matter?\u201d Economics of Education Review 61 (May): 9\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2017.09.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2017.09.004"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_034","unstructured":"Terrier, C. 2005. Boys Lag Behind: How Teachers\u2019 Gender Biases Affect Student Achievement, IZA Discussion Paper No. 10343."},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winters, M. A., R. C. Haight, T. T. Swaim, and K. A. Pickering. 2013. \u201cThe Effect of same-gender Teacher Assignment on Student Achievement in the Elementary and Secondary Grades: Evidence from Panel Data.\u201d Economics of Education Review 34 (1): 69\u201375, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2013.01.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2013.01.007"},{"key":"2025110513024957380_j_bejeap-2024-0297_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolfolds, S. E., and J. Siegel. 2019. \u201cMisaccounting for Endogeneity: the Peril of Relying on the Heckman Two-step Method Without a Valid Instrument.\u201d Strategic Management Journal 40 (3): 432\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.2995.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2995"}],"container-title":["The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis &amp; Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/bejeap-2024-0297\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/bejeap-2024-0297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T13:05:20Z","timestamp":1762347920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/bejeap-2024-0297\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/bejeap-2024-0297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bejeap-2024-0297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-1682"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1935-1682"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}}}