{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:24:47Z","timestamp":1770722687026,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015FGR0085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015FGR0085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IAPP-610950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IAPP-610950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A novel quasi-dry electrode prototype, based on a polymer wick structure filled with a specially designed hydrating solution is proposed for electroencephalography (EEG) applications. The new electrode does not require the use of a conventional electrolyte paste to achieve a wet, low-impedance scalp contact. When compared to standard commercial Ag\/AgCl sensors, the proposed wick electrodes exhibit similar electrochemical noise and potential drift values. Lower impedances are observed when tested in human volunteers due to more effective electrode\/skin contact. Furthermore, the electrodes exhibit an excellent autonomy, displaying an average interfacial impedance of 37\u00b111 k\u03a9 cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for 7 h of skin contact. After performing bipolar EEG trials in human volunteers, no substantial differences are evident in terms of shape, amplitude and spectral characteristics between signals of wick and commercial wet electrodes. Thus, the wick electrodes can be considered suitable to be used for rapid EEG applications (electrodes can be prepared without the presence of the patient) without the traditional electrolyte paste. The main advantages of these novel electrodes over the Ag\/AgCl system are their low and stable impedance (obtained without conventional paste), long autonomy, comfort, lack of dirtying or damaging of the hair and because only a minimal cleaning procedure is required after the exam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2016-0193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]],"date-time":"2017-05-03T10:01:29Z","timestamp":1493805689000},"page":"349-359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["In-service characterization of a polymer wick-based quasi-dry electrode for rapid pasteless electroencephalography"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Paulo","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMUC \u2013 Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Coimbra , 3030-788 Coimbra , Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade do Porto , Faculdade de Engenharia , 4200-465 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica, Universidade do Minho , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patrique","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics , Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau , 98693 Ilmenau , Germany"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto , Faculdade de Engenharia , 4200-465 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto , Faculdade de Engenharia , 4200-465 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto , Faculdade de Engenharia , 4200-465 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria H.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diamantino","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto , Faculdade de Engenharia , 4200-465 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Haueisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics , Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau , 98693 Ilmenau , Germany"},{"name":"Biomagnetic Center, Dept. of Neurology , University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , 07747 Jena , Germany"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o M.","family":"N\u00f3brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites\/I3N , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMUC \u2013 Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Coimbra , 3030-788 Coimbra , Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia , 4200-465 Porto , Portugal , Phone: +351-225081995, Fax: +351-22-041-49-00"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_001_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi YM, Jung TP, Cauwenberghs G. Dry-contact and noncontact biopotential electrodes: methodological review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2010; 3: 106\u2013119.","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2010.2084078"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_002_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudzinski K, Dawgul M, Wawro B, Pijanowska D, Torbicz W. Skin impedance measurements by means of novel gold sensors fabricated by direct writing, Proc Eng 2015; 120: 882\u2013886.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.08.762"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_003_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiedler P, Griebel S, Pedrosa P, et al. Multichannel EEG with novel Ti\/TiN dry electrodes. Sens Actuat A-Phys 2015; 221: 139\u2013147.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.10.010"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_004_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiedler P, Pedrosa P, Griebel S, et al. Novel multipin electrode cap system for dry electroencephalography. Brain Topo 2015; 28: 647\u2013656.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-015-0435-5"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_005_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1b5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca C, Silva Cunha JP, Martins RE, et al. A novel dry active electrode for EEG recording. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2007; 54: 162\u2013165.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.884649"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_006_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freire FCM, Becchi M, Ponti S, Miraldi E, Strigazzi A. Impedance spectroscopy of conductive commercial hydrogels for electromyography and electroencephalography. Physiol Meas 2010; 31: 157.","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/31\/10\/S01"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_007_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gargiulo G, Calvo RA, Bifulco P, et al. A new EEG recording system for passive dry electrodes. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121: 686\u2013693.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.12.025"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_008_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1b8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godin DT, Parker PA, Scott RN. Noise characteristics of stainless-steel surface electrodes. Med Biol Eng Comput 1991; 29: 585\u2013590.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02446089"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_009_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1b9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimmes S. Impedance measurement of individual skin surface electrodes. Med Biol Eng Comput 1983; 21: 750\u2013755.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02464038"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_010_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groot AC, Weyland JW. Kathon CG. A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 18: 350\u2013358.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70051-1"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_011_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hladky K, Dawson J. The measurement of corrosion using electrochemical 1\/f noise. Corr Sci 1982; 22: 231.","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-938X(82)90107-X"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_012_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huigen E, Peper A, Grimbergen C. Investigation into the origin of the noise of surface electrodes. Med Biol Eng Comput 2002; 40: 332.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344216"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_013_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c13Aa","unstructured":"Kay SM. Modern spectral estimation. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 1988."},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_014_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c14Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan SF, Ashalatha R, Thomas SV, Sarma PS. Emergent EEG is helpful in neurology critical care practice. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116: 2454\u20132459.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.06.024"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_015_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c15Aa","unstructured":"Ko WK, Hynecek J. Dry electrodes and electrode amplifiers. In: Miller HA, Harrison DC, editors. Biomedical electrode technology. New York: Academic Press 1974."},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_016_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepola P, Myllymaa S, T\u00f6yr\u00e4s J, et al. Screen-printed EEG electrode set for emergency use. Sens Act A 2014; 213: 19\u201326.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.03.029"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_017_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li G, Zhang D, Wang S, Duan Y. Novel passive ceramic based semi-dry electrodes for recording electroencephalography signals from the hairy scalp. Sens Actuat B-Chem 2016; 237: 167\u2013178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.06.045"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_018_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao LD, Lin CT, McDowell K, et al. Biosensor technologies for Augmented Brain-Computer Interfaces in the next decades. Proc IEEE 2012; 100: 1553\u20131566.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2184829"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_019_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins AC, Moreira A, Machado AV, Vaz F, Fonseca C, N\u00f3brega JM. Development of polymer wicks for the fabrication of bio-medical sensors. J Mat Sci Eng C 2015; 49: 356\u2013363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.01.044"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_020_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c20Aa","unstructured":"McAdams E. Bioelectrodes. In: Encyclopaedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, New York: Wiley 1988: 120\u2013166."},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_021_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noachtar S, R\u00e9mi J. The role of EEG in epilepsy: a critical review. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 15: 22\u201333.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.02.035"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_022_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c22Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odom JV, Bach M, Brigell M, et al. ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (2009 update). Doc Ophthalmol 2010; 120: 111\u2013120.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-009-9195-4"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_023_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c23Aa","unstructured":"Oppenheim AV, Schafer RW. Discrete-time signal processing. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 1989: 713\u2013718."},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_024_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasion R, Paiva TO, Pedrosa P, et al. Assessing a novel polymer-wick based electrode for EEG neurophysiological research. J Neurosci Meth 2016; 267: 126\u2013131.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.04.009"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_025_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c25Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedrosa P, Fiedler P, Lopes C, et al. Ag:TiN-coated polyurethane for dry biopotential electrodes: from polymer to plasma interface activation to the first EEG measurements. Plasma Process Polym 2016; 13: 341\u2013354.","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.201500063"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_026_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c26Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng H, Liu J, Tian H, et al. A novel passive electrode based on porous titanium for EEG recording. Sens Actuat B-Chem 2016; 226: 349\u2013356.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.11.141"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_027_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c27Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips CA, Michniak BB. Transdermal delivery of drugs with differing lipophilicities using azone analogs as dermal penetration enhancers. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84: 1427\u20131433.","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600841208"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_028_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c28Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Praline J, Grujic J, Corcia P, et al. Emergent EEG in clinical practice. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118: 2149\u20132155.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.07.003"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_029_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c29Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puurtinen MM, Komulainen SM, Kauppinen PK, Malmivuo JAV, Hyttinen JAK. Measurement of noise and impedance of dry and wet textile electrodes, and textile electrodes with hydrogel. Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, New York City, USA, Aug. 30-Sept. 3 (2006) 6012\u20136015.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260155"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_030_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosell J, Colominas J, Riu P, Pallas-Areny R, Webster JG. Skin impedance from 1 Hz to 1 MHz. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1988; 35: 649\u2013651.","DOI":"10.1109\/10.4599"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_031_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c31Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheer HJ, Sander T, Trahms L. The influence of amplifier, interface and biological noise on signal quality in high-resolution EEG recordings. Physiol Meas 2006; 27: 109\u2013117.","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/27\/2\/002"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_032_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c32Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Searle A, Kirkup L. A direct comparison of wet, dry and insulating bioelectric recording electrodes. Physiol Meas 2000; 22: 271\u2013283.","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/21\/2\/307"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_033_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c33Aa","unstructured":"Teplan M. Fundamentals of EEG measurement. Meas Sci Rev 2002; 2: 1\u201311."},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_034_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c34Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varelas PN, Spanaki MV, Hacein-Bey L, Terranova THB. EEG: emergent, indications and diagnostic yield. Neurology 2003; 61; 702\u2013704.","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000078812.36581.97"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_035_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c35Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walls-Esquivel E, Vecchierini MF, H\u00e9berl\u00e9 C, Wallois F. Electroencephalography (EEG) recording techniques and artefact detection in early premature babies. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 37: 299\u2013309.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2007.09.001"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_036_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c36Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White EA, Orazem ME, Bunge AL. Characterization of damaged skin by impedance spectroscopy: mechanical damage. Pharm Res 2013; 30: 2036\u20132049.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1052-1"},{"key":"2023033114463591147_j_bmt-2016-0193_ref_037_w2aab3b8d116b1b7b1ab2b1c37Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams A, Barry B. Penetration enhancers. Adv Drug Deliver Rev 2012; 64: 128\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.032"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Engineering \/ Biomedizinische Technik"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/bmte.2018.63.issue-4\/bmt-2016-0193\/bmt-2016-0193.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/bmt-2016-0193\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/bmt-2016-0193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T21:09:57Z","timestamp":1680296997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/bmt-2016-0193\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/bmt-2016-0193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bmt-2016-0193","relation":{},"ISSN":["1862-278X","0013-5585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1862-278X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0013-5585","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]]}}}