{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T10:50:17Z","timestamp":1765536617758,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Biostatistics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We compare the frequency of resistant genes of malaria parasites before treatment and at first malaria incidence after treatment. The data come from a clinical trial at two health facilities in Tanzania and concerns single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at three positions believed to be related to resistance to malaria treatment. A problem is that mixed infections are common, which both obscures the underlying frequency of alleles at each locus as well as the associations between loci in samples where alleles are mixed. We use combinatorics and quite involved probability methods to handle multiple infections and multiple haplotypes. The infection with the different haplotypes seemed to be independent of each other. We showed that at two of the three studied SNPs, the proportion of resistant genes had increased after treatment with sulfadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine alone but when treated in combination with artesunate, no effect was noticed. First recurrences of malaria associated more with sulfadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine alone as treatment than when in combination with artesunate. We also found that the recruited children had two different ongoing malaria infections where the parasites had different gene types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/ijb-2012-0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,14]],"date-time":"2013-10-14T16:09:32Z","timestamp":1381766972000},"page":"135-148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["On the Effects of Malaria Treatment on Parasite Drug Resistance \u2013 Probability Modelling of Genotyped Malaria Infections"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Cletus Kwa","family":"Kum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics\/Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Thorburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Gebrenegus","family":"Ghilagaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Bj\u00f6rkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"2025121208421222639_CIT0001_w2aab3b8d261b1b7b1ab2b2b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":":3737","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5792","article-title":"Malaria haplotype frequency estimation","volume":"32","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2025121208421222639_CIT0002_w2aab3b8d261b1b7b1ab2b2b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-130","article-title":"Malhaplofreq: a computer programme for estimating malaria haplotype frequencies from blood samples","volume":"7","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2025121208421222639_CIT0003_w2aab3b8d261b1b7b1ab2b2b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0203","article-title":"Estimation of numbers of malaria clones in blood samples","volume":"262","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond Ser B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025121208421222639_CIT0004_w2aab3b8d261b1b7b1ab2b2b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst016","article-title":"Maximum likelihood estimation of frequencies of known haplotypes from pooled sequence data","volume":"30","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2025121208421222639_CIT0005_w2aab3b8d261b1b7b1ab2b2b5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42496","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042496","article-title":"Estimating the numbers of malaria infections in blood samples using high-resolution genotyping data","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2025121208421222639_CIT0006_w2aab3b8d261b1b7b1ab2b2b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1086\/444460","article-title":"Efficacy of artesunate plus amodiaquine versus that of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated childhood plasmodium falciparum malaria in zanzibar, tanzania","volume":"41","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121208421222639_CIT0007_w2aab3b8d261b1b7b1ab2b2b7Aa","unstructured":"KumCK. 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