{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T22:43:46Z","timestamp":1774392226082,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> has an easily tunable bandgap and a great absorption dye ability being widely used in many fields and in a number of fascinating applications. In this study, a wet chemical route, particularly a sol gel method using spin-coating is adopted to deposit TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> thin films onto soda lime glass and silicon substrates. TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> films were prepared by using an alcoholic solution of analytical reagent grade TiCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> as titanium precursor at various experimental conditions. The accent was put on the conditions of preparation (spin time, spin speed, precursor concentration, number of coating layers <jats:italic>etc<\/jats:italic>), doping and on the post-deposit treatment namely the drying and the crystallization. The results showed a strong dependence on the drying temperature and on the temperature and duration of the crystallization. We found that the solution preparation and its color are important for getting a reproducible final product. The Raman spectra recorded at room temperature, showed the characteristic peaks of anatase which appear at 143 and around 396 cm<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. These peaks confirm the presence of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the crystalline characteristic of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> while the chemical states and relative amounts of the main elements existing in the samples were investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The morphology of the samples was visualized by AFM. We show by this work the feasibility to obtain different nanostructured TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> by changing the concentration of the solution. Photocatalytic activity of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> films was evaluated. Rhodamine B is a recalcitrant dye and TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was successfully tested for its oxidation. An abatement of 60% was obtained under sunlight for an initial concentration of 10 mg\/l.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jee-2017-0052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,6]],"date-time":"2018-01-06T22:16:20Z","timestamp":1515276980000},"page":"31-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Characterization of TiO<sub>2<\/sub> films obtained by a wet chemical process"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Asma","family":"Sedik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Semiconductor Material and Metallic Oxides, Faculty of Physics , University of Sciences and Technology (USTHB) BP 32 El Alia Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers , Algeria"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Ferraria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qumica-F\u00edsica Molecular and IN, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico , Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Carapeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qumica-F\u00edsica Molecular and IN, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico , Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bouzid","family":"Bellal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Sciences and Technology (USTHB) , BP 32, 16111 Algiers , Algeria"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Trari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Sciences and Technology (USTHB) , BP 32, 16111 Algiers , Algeria"}]},{"given":"Ratiba","family":"Outemzabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Semiconductor Material and Metallic Oxides, Faculty of Physics , University of Sciences and Technology (USTHB) BP 32 El Alia Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers , Algeria"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_001_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[1] J. Fisher and T. A. Egerton, Titanium compounds, Inorganic, Kirk-Othmer encyclopaedia of chemical technology, Wiley, New York (2001).","DOI":"10.1002\/0471238961.0914151805070518.a01.pub2"},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_002_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ab2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[2] D. A. H. Hanaor and C. C. Sorrell, \u201cReview of the anatase to rutile phase transformation\u201d, J. Mater. Sci. vol. 46 (2011) 855-874,.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-010-5113-0"},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_003_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa","unstructured":"[3] D. A. Kislov, \u201cEffect of plasmonic silver nanoparticles on the photovoltaic properties of Graetzel solar cells\u201d, Physics Procedia vol. 73, (2015) 114 - 120."},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_004_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ab4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4] Wanyu Zhao, Hari Bala, Jingkuo Chen, Yujie Zhao, Guang Sun, Jianliang Cao and ZhanyingZhang, \u201cThickness-dependent electron transport performance of mesoporous TiO2 thin film for dye-sensitized solar cells\u201d, Electrochimica Acta vol. 114 (2013) 318-324.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.09.165"},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_005_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ab5Aa","unstructured":"[5] S. R. Meher and L. Balakrishnan, \u201cSol-gel derived nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films: A promising candidate for self-cleaning smart window applications\u201d, Materials Science Semiconductor Processing vol. 26 (2014) 251-258."},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_006_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ab6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[6] R. Dunford, A. Salinaro, L. Cai, N. Serpone, S. Horikoshi, H. Hidaka and J. Knowland, \u201cChemical oxidation and DNA damage catalysed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients\u201d, FEBS Letters 418 (1997) 87-90.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01356-2"},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_007_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ab7Aa","unstructured":"[7] M. Kulkarni, A. Mazare, E. Gongadze, \u0160. Perutkova, V. KraljIgli\u0107, I. Milo\u0161ev, P. Schmuki, A. Igli\u0107 and M. Mozeti\u0107, \u201cTitanium nanostructures for biomedical applications\u201d, Nanotechnology vol. 26 (2015) 1-18."},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_008_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ab8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] J. Ben, M. Naceur, F. Gaidi, R. Bousbih, R. Mechiakh and Chtourou, \u201cAnnealing effects on microstructural and optical properties of Nanostructured-TiO2 thin films prepared by solegel technique\u201d, Current Applied Physics vol. 12 (2012) 422-428.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2011.07.041"},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_009_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ab9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[9] S. Boufi, M. Rei Vilar, V. Parra, A. M. Ferraria and A. M. Botelho do Rego, \u201cGrafting of Porphyrins on Cellulose Nanometric Films\u201d, Langmuir vol.24 (2008) 7309-7315.","DOI":"10.1021\/la800786s"},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_010_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ac10Aa","unstructured":"[10] S. R. Meher and L. Balakrishnan, \u201cSol-gel derived nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films: A promising candidate for self-cleaning smart window applications\u201d, Materials Science Semiconductor Processing vol. 26, (2014) 251-258."},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_011_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ac11Aa","unstructured":"[11] M. A. Shaheed and F. H. Hussein, \u201cSynthesis and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 Nanoparticles\u201d, Journal of Babylon University\/Pure and Applied Sciences vol. (22), no. 1, 2012, College of Science\/Babylon University Scientific Conference."},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_012_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ac12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] Hongbo Li, Keyan Zheng, Ye Sheng, Yanhua Song, Hongguang Zhang, Jing Huang, Qisheng Huo and Haifeng Zou, \u201cFacile synthesis and luminescence properties of TiO2 : Eu3+ nanobelts\u201d, Optics & Laser Technology vol. 49, (2013) 33-37.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2012.12.007"},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_013_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ac13Aa","unstructured":"[13] G. T. K. Swami, F. E. Stageberg and A. M. Goldman, \u201cXPS characterization of erbium sesquioxide and erbium hydroxide\u201d, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology, A2 (1984) 767, DOI: 10.1116\/1.572568.10.1116\/1.572568"},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_014_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ac14Aa","unstructured":"[14] A. V. Naumkin, A. Kraut-Vass, S. W. Gaarenstroom and C. J. Powell, \u201cNIST X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database\u201d, NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1, 2012."},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_015_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ac15Aa","unstructured":"[15] Hyun Chul Choi, Young Mee Jung, Seung Bin Kim and Bull, \u201cCharacterization of Raman spectra of Size-selected TiO2 nanoparticle\u201d, Korean Chem. Soc. vol. 25, no. 3, (2004) 426-428."},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_016_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ac16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[16] Hyun Chul Choi, Young Mee Jung and Seung BinKim, \u201cSize effects the Raman spectra of TiO2 nanoparticles\u201d, Vibrational Spectroscopy vol. 37 (2005) 33-38.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2004.05.006"},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_017_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ac17Aa","unstructured":"[17] A. Le\u00f3n, P. Reuquen, C. Gar\u00edn, R. Segura, P. Vargas, P. Zapata and P. A. Orihuela, \u201cFTIR and Raman Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles Coated with Polyethylene Glycol as Carrier for 2-Methoxyestradiol\u201d, Appl. Sci. vol. 7, 49 (2017) 2-9."},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_018_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ac18Aa","unstructured":"[18] M. J. \u0160\u0107epanovi\u0107, M. Gruji\u0107-Broj\u010din, Z. D. Doh\u010devi\u0107-Mitrovi\u0107 and Z. V. Popovi\u0107, \u201cCharacterization of Anatase TiO2 Nanopowder by Variable-Temperature Raman Spectroscopy\u201d, Science of Sintering, vol. 41 (2009) 67-73.10.2298\/SOS0901067S"},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_019_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ac19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[19] N. R. Mathews, R. Erik, M. A. Morales, J. A. Cortes Jacome, Toledo and Antonio, \u201cTiO2 thin films - Influence of annealing temperature on structural, optical and photocatalytic properties\u201d,, Solar Energy vol. 83 (2009) 1499-1508.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2009.04.008"},{"key":"2021040913283488516_j_jee-2017-0052_ref_020_w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1ac20Aa","unstructured":"[20] Outemzabet, R, Doulache, M, Trari and M, \u201cPhysical and photo-electrochemical properties of Sb-doped SnO2 thin films deposited by chemical vapor deposition: application to chromate reduction under solar light\u201d, Applied Physics vol. A119 (2015) 589-596."}],"container-title":["Journal of Electrical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/jee\/68\/7\/article-p31.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sciendo.com\/article\/10.1515\/jee-2017-0052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T00:40:12Z","timestamp":1618015212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sciendo.com\/article\/10.1515\/jee-2017-0052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jee-2017-0052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jee-2017-0052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1339-309X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1339-309X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]}}}