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Then, ultrasonic C-scan images were produced by immersion pulse-echo (in amplitude and time-of-flight (TOF)) and immersion through-transmission, and also by air-coupling through-transmission. The immersion C-scan images were produced using 5, 10 and 20 MHz probes and the air-coupled C-scan was made using two 400 kHz probes. The obtained images for the considered samples show that all used methods are able to detect the defects and give acceptable information about their size and shape. However, if the way of delamination evolving over thickness is of interest, the images by TOF should be used. As expected, good image resolution with sharp contour defects require high frequencies. Nevertheless, the air-coupled C-scan demonstrated similar capabilities to detect defects, with the advantage that the coupling medium is air, thus widening the range of applications, such as real-time damage monitoring of composite structures. As a disadvantage, the air C-scan system requires high power emission signals, and also great amplification of the received signals, to face the considerable attenuation in the air.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/mt-2020-0020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T01:23:44Z","timestamp":1614216224000},"page":"131-137","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Ultrasonic C-scan techniques for the evaluation of impact damage in CFRP"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra , Portugal"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052117464912410_j_mt-2020-0020_ref_001_w2aab3b7c78b1b6b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. 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