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However, a miniaturized light\u2010emitting nanosource for spike\u2010based operation of interest for neuromorphic optical computing is still lacking. In this work, we propose and theoretically analyze a novel nanoscale nanophotonic neuron circuit. It is formed by a quantum resonant tunneling (QRT) nanostructure monolithic integrated into a sub\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    metal\u2010cavity nanolight\u2010emitting diode (nanoLED). The resulting optical nanosource displays a negative differential conductance which controls the all\u2010or\u2010nothing optical spiking response of the nanoLED. Here we demonstrate efficient activation of the spiking response via high\u2010speed nonlinear electrical modulation of the nanoLED. A model that combines the dynamical equations of the circuit which considers the nonlinear voltage\u2010controlled current characteristic, and rate equations that takes into account the Purcell enhancement of the spontaneous emission, is used to provide a theoretical framework to investigate the optical spiking dynamic properties of the neuromorphic nanoLED. We show inhibitory\u2010 and excitatory\u2010like optical spikes at multi\u2010gigahertz speeds can be achieved upon receiving exceptionally low (sub\u201010\u00a0mV) synaptic\u2010like electrical activation signals, lower than biological voltages of 100\u00a0mV, and with remarkably low energy consumption, in the range of 10\u2013100 fJ per emitted spike. Importantly, the energy per spike is roughly constant and almost independent of the incoming modulating frequency signal, which is markedly different from conventional current modulation schemes. This method of spike generation in neuromorphic nanoLED devices paves the way for sub\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    incoherent neural elements for fast and efficient asynchronous neural computation in photonic spiking neural networks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2020-0177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T03:23:05Z","timestamp":1593487385000},"page":"4149-4162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["NanoLEDs for energy\u2010efficient and gigahertz\u2010speed spike\u2010based sub\u2010\n                    <i>\u03bb<\/i>\n                    neuromorphic nanophotonic computing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-6665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Romeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrafast Bio\u2010 and Nanophotonics Group INL \u2010 International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory Av. Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga s\/n 4715\u2010330 Braga Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M. L.","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centra\u2010Ci\u00eancias and Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande 1749\u2010016 Lisboa Portugal"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Javaloyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de F\u00edsica Universitat de les Illes Balears and Institute of Applied Computing and Community Code (IAC\u20103) C\/ Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Mallorca Spain"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0059-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Fischetti \u201cComputers versus brains \u201dScientific American 2011 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/scientificamerican1111\u2010104.","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1111-104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","volume-title":"The Brain as Computer: Bad at Math, Good at Everything Else","author":"Meier K.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNANO.2018.2845078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254642"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0092-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1677-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5118217"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.9.002161"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2368"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0110-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2647779"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2019.2927582"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2878940"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2013.2257700"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19510"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.94.042219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1157-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.8.000228"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2011.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.56"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2007.171"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08364"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0320-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.017916"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","first-page":"681","article-title":"\u201cSpontaneous emission probabilities at radio frequencies,\u201d","volume":"69","author":"Purcell E. 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