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Digital methods are now frequently used to restore\/estimate the original morphology of fragmented\/incomplete specimens. Such methods include 3D digitisation and Geometric Morphometrics (GM). The latter is also a solidly established method now to examine morphology. In this study, we use GM-based methods to estimate the original morphology of incomplete Mesolithic and Chalcolithic mandibles originating from present Portugal and perform ensuing morphological analyses. Because mandibular morphology is known to relate to population history and diet, we hypothesised the two samples would differ. Thirty-seven specimens (12 complete and 25 incomplete) were CT-scanned and landmarked. Originally complete specimens were used as reference to estimate the location of absent anatomical landmarks in incomplete specimens. As predicted, our results show shape differences between the two samples which are likely due to the compounded effect of contrasting population histories and diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/opar-2022-0247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T16:48:46Z","timestamp":1658162926000},"page":"536-549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mesolithic and Chalcolithic Mandibular Morphology: Using Geometric Morphometrics to Reconstruct Incomplete Specimens and Analyse Morphology"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0107-9577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Miguel","family":"Godinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArHEB), University of Algarve, Faculdade das Ci\u00eancias Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas , 8005-139 , Faro , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Umbelino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArHEB), University of Algarve, Faculdade das Ci\u00eancias Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas , 8005-139 , Faro , Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArHEB), University of Algarve, Faculdade das Ci\u00eancias Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas , 8005-139 , Faro , Portugal"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022120618315456307_j_opar-2022-0247_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agostini, G., Holt Brigitte, M., & Relethford John, H. 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