{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T18:03:26Z","timestamp":1761156206888},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The overall performance of alkoxysilanes as stone consolidants is constrained by stone mineralogy (particularly in the carbonate varieties) and by their tendency to crack during drying. In an attempt to overcome these problems, polyethylene glycol \u201cchains\u201d with two carboxylic acid end-groups (PEG-CA) were introduced in siloxane sols obtained by sol-gel chemistry using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as precursor. Different pre-condensation degrees (by varying the stirring times of sol-gel reaction: 10 min, 2, and 24 h) and PEG-CA chains with different molecular weights were studied as variables affecting the initial efficacy of the consolidants when applied into a limestone. The sol containing siloxanes with the lowest pre-condensation degree (10 min stirring) was quite susceptible to the carbonate media and thus a poor consolidation was achieved. The sol with the highest pre-condensation degree (24 h stirring) together with the PEG-CA chains with intermediate molecular weight produced significant and uniform strength gains along the stone depth. The consolidation also showed to be highly dependent on the molecular weight of the PEG-CA chains, the PEG-CA with highest molecular weight produced a non-uniform strength increase with potential harmful side effects. The results confirmed the role of carboxylic acid end-groups as efficient sol-gel catalysts and their ability to be incorporated into the silica matrix in the presence of carbonate stone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2016-0803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]],"date-time":"2016-11-15T10:01:38Z","timestamp":1479204098000},"page":"1117-1128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Polyethylene glycol oligomers as siloxane modificators in consolidation of carbonate stones"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Sena da Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural-CQE, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal , Tel.: (+351)925455230"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Pi\u00e7arra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Set\u00fabal, Campus do IPS, Estefanilha, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica-F\u00edsica Molecular and Instituto de Nanoci\u00eancia e Nanotecnologia, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Ferreira Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources, CERIS, ICIST, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima","family":"Montemor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural-CQE, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024030511025370138_j_pac-2016-0803_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. 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