{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:40:00Z","timestamp":1767339600526},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The international bailout granted to Portugal between 2011 and 2014 was conditional on the adoption by the Portuguese State of austerity measures included in a memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed by the European Commission on behalf of the European Union (EU) and the Member States. The MoU was never published in an official journal or even translated into the Portuguese language. Its implementation caused a significant decrease in the level of protection of social rights.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The compatibility of the MoU with core principles of the rule of law and with the EU\u2019s social Constitution was never tested in court. A systemic failure in the jurisdictional system of the EU immunized the MoU to any judicial challenge. At the apex of the system, the Court of Justice of the EU declined to answer preliminary references submitted by Portuguese lower courts that questioned the compatibility with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU of national budgetary measures that implemented the MoU. At the bottom, Portuguese courts either failed to properly identify the EU law acts that were the source of national austerity measures or disregarded their role as common EU law courts of ordinary jurisdiction when they bypassed the opportunity to refer a question for a preliminary ruling of the Court of Justice challenging the validity of the MoU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/pof-2016-0019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]],"date-time":"2017-01-24T10:03:40Z","timestamp":1485252220000},"page":"E-105-E-132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Austerity on the loose in Portugal: European judicial restraint in times of crisis"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Francisco Pereira","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref401","article-title":"mutaci\u00f3n constitutional de la de no","author":"Menendez Agust\u00edn Jos\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista"},{"key":"ref381","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Econ\u00f3mica de la aut\u00e9ntica uni\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica en formaci\u00f3n no","author":"L\u00f3pez Escudero Manuel","journal-title":"Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo"},{"key":"ref471","first-page":"1777","article-title":"The European Debt Crisis and the European Union Common Market XLVIII","author":"Ruffert Matthias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Law Law Review"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Rights in Times of Austerity Policy - The EU institutions and the conclusion of Memoranda of Understanding Centre of European Law and Bremen available athttps www etuc org sites www etuc org files press release files legal opinion human rights in times of","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Politics"},{"key":"ref371","article-title":"Can the Austerity Measures be Challenged in Supranational Courts The cases of Greece and University of Manchester Manchester available athttps www etuc org sites www etuc org files publication files austerity greeceportugal en pdf","author":"Koukiadaki Aristea","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"2015","article-title":"On the Rule of Law and Economic Emergency : The Degradation of Basic Legal Values in Europe s of XXXV","author":"Kilpatrick Claire","journal-title":"Journal Legal Studies"},{"key":"ref511","first-page":"2015","article-title":"de The Judicial Activism of the European Court of Justice in eds Judicial Activism : an Interdisciplinary Approach to the American and European Experiences etc","author":"Vilhena"},{"key":"ref491","first-page":"2171824","article-title":"The European Finantial Crisis Constitutional Aspects and Institutions Working Law no available athttp papers ssrn com sol papers cfm abstract id","volume":"28","author":"Tuori Kaarlo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Papers"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S1574019614001308","article-title":"Are the Bailouts Immune to EU Social Challenge because They Are Not EU Law","author":"Kilpatrick Claire","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Constitutional Law Review"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"147","article-title":"natureza jur\u00eddica dos memorandos da Troika no","volume":"24","author":"Pereira Coutinho Francisco","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref251","first-page":"2015","article-title":"de The Judicial Activism of the European Court of Justice in eds Judicial Activism : an Interdisciplinary Approach to the American and European Experiences etc","author":"Vilhena"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"67","article-title":"de Putting Social Rights in Brackets ? 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