{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T18:29:46Z","timestamp":1781720986755,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["hpp.tbzmed.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Promot Perspect"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The current study aimed at determining the pattern of drug dependence and its\nrelated factors in mid-term residential treatment centers (MTRCs).\nMethods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on all drug dependent people\nresiding in MTRCs of Tehran, Iran, who were voluntarily seeking treatment from April to August,\n2018. Required data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Drug dependence was\ncategorized into four groups: soft opioids, hard opioids, methamphetamine, and combination\nof hard opioids and methamphetamine. The association of potential risk factors with drug\ndependence was measured using chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression.\nResults: Out of 1868 participants in the current study, 97% were male. Mean age (SD) of the\nparticipants was 38.1 (9.9). The different types of drug dependence were hard opioids (43.0%),\nsoft opioids (29.5%), methamphetamine (15.4%), and a combination of hard opioids and\nmethamphetamine (12.1%). The prevalence of injecting drug use was 2.7%. In comparison with\nthe reference group (soft opioids), being un-married and unemployment, significantly increased\nthe risk of using the three groups of drugs (odds ratios [ORs]: 1.5-3.34, P values: &lt;0.001-0.033).\nAge \u226530 years at the initiation of drug use, and using current drug for more than 10 years,\nsignificantly increased the risk of using hard opioids and a combination of hard opioids and\nmethamphetamine (ORs: 1.65-2.31, P values: &lt;0.001-0.030). Age \u226550 years significantly\ndecreased the risk of using the three groups of drugs (ORs: 0.21-0.43, P \u2264 0.001).\nConclusion: Different pattern of drug dependence found in MTRCs, they were mostly hard\nopioid users, lower injecting drug use and higher mean of age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15171\/hpp.2019.34","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T09:42:40Z","timestamp":1569231760000},"page":"248-254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Profile of drug users in the residential treatment centers of Tehran, Iran"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hossein","family":"Akbari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Roshanpajouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Researches Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Psychiatry Institute), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keramat","family":"Nourijelyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad-Ali","family":"Mansournia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5761-1668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Afarin","family":"Rahimi-Movaghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Yazdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. 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Vienna: UNODC; 2016."},{"key":"R6","first-page":"480","article-title":"Burden of drug and alcohol use disorders in Iran: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"18","author":"Moazen B","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"R7","first-page":"321","article-title":"Health transition in Iran toward chronic diseases based on results of Global Burden of Disease 2010","volume":"17","author":"Naghavi M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13453"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.01.013"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40737-018-0127-z"},{"key":"R11","first-page":"337","article-title":"Component analysis of Iranian crack; a newly abused narcotic substance in iran","volume":"13","author":"Farhoudian A","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032900"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007775.pub2"},{"key":"R14","unstructured":"Narenjiha H, Rafiei H, Baghestani A, Nouri R, Ghafouri B, Soleimaninia L. Rapid situation assessment of drug abuse in Iran. Tehran: Danjeh Publications; 2007."},{"key":"R15","unstructured":"Razzaghi E, Rahimi A, Hosseini M, Chatterjee A. Rapid Situation Assessment (RSA) of drug abuse in Iran. Iran: Prevention Department, State Welfare Organization, Ministry of Health; 1999."},{"key":"R16","unstructured":"Rahimi-Movaghar A, Sharifi V, Motevalian A, Amin-Esmaeili M, Hajebi A, Radgoodarzi R. Iranian National Mental Health Survey: prevalence, severity and costs of mental disorders and service utilization (IranMHS). 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