{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:25:30Z","timestamp":1787901930263,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["hpp.tbzmed.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Promot Perspect"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is little published about non-traditional and online college students\u2019 health and well-being. College health services must evolve to address the needs of this growing population. The purpose of this study was to explore risk factors, perceived well-being, health behaviors, and health education preferences of US college students enrolled in a fully online academic programs compared to a national sample of college students enrolled in campus based programs. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a volunteer sample of 961 college students enrolled in two large, U.S. accredited online universities. Participants completed an online survey that included questions and sub scales from the National College Health Assessment (NCHA, IIb). Responses on survey items from student learning online were compared to an equal sample of college students enrolled in non-online programs, randomly drawn from the NCHA IIb national data set (n = 961). Frequencies on survey items were calculated and mean scores of subset measures for online students were compared against those from the NCHA data set using two tailed z-test scores and independent sample t-tests with alpha at 0.05. Results: Online students reported significantly (P \u2264 0.05) higher percentages of chronic illnesses, psychiatric conditions, mobility disabilities, deafness\/hearing loss, speech\/language disorders,cigarette use, obesity, sedentary activity, and depression than the NCHA national sample. Implication for Practice: Health professionals and leaders who work in higher education must consider the shifting landscape and demographics in higher education in order to develop more tailored, innovative digital health promotion approaches that effectively reach the growing population of online, commuter, and older learners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15171\/hpp.2019.37","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T16:22:42Z","timestamp":1572452562000},"page":"270-278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Optimizing college health promotion in the digital age: Comparingperceived well-being, health behaviors, health education needs and preferences between college students enrolled in fully online verses campus-based programs"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Burcin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Walden University School of Health Sciences, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley N.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walden University School of Health Sciences, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6468-8033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jody O.","family":"Early","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Bothell, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Bothell, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Godwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walden University School of Health Sciences, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Allen IE, Seaman J. Grade change: tracking online education in the United States. January 2014. Available from: http:\/\/www.onlinelearningsurvey.com\/reports\/gradechange.pdf. Accessed December 2, 2015."},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.8.805"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-011-9564-4"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016918"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150131914545517"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"American College Health Association (ACHA). About ACHA. Available from: http:\/\/www.acha.org\/. Accessed December 10, 2017."},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"American College Health Association (ACHA). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Executive Summary. Hanover, MD: ACHA; 2015."},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clinefelter DL, Aslanian CB. Online College Students 2016: Comprehensive data on demands and preferences. Louisville, KY: The Learning House, Inc; 2015.","DOI":"10.1145\/2856048.2850429"},{"key":"R9","unstructured":"American College Health Association (ACHA). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reliability and Validity Analyses 2011. Hanover, MD: ACHA; 2013."},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"American Association of Community Colleges (AACC). Student Characteristics. Washington, DC: AACC; 2014."},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Education. Demographic and enrollment characteristics of nontraditional undergraduates. September 2015. Available from: http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2015\/2015025.pdf. 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Accessed January 20, 2017."},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2016.1204966"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/jach.54.2.116-126"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-1060"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02804.x"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2016.1219285"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2015.1117463"},{"key":"R23","unstructured":"National Commission for Health Education Credentialing, Inc. Responsibilities and competencies. NCHEC; 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.nchec.org\/responsibilities-and-competencies. Accessed April 21, 2016."}],"container-title":["Health Promotion Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/hpp.tbzmed.ac.ir\/PDF\/hpp-28597","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/hpp.tbzmed.ac.ir\/PDF\/hpp-28597","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T11:10:42Z","timestamp":1611659442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/hpp.tbzmed.ac.ir\/Article\/hpp-28597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/hpp.2019.37","relation":{},"ISSN":["2228-6497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2228-6497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","name":"journal_owner","label":"Journal Owner"},{"value":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","name":"journal_publisher","label":"Journal Publisher"}]}}