{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:07:45Z","timestamp":1790633265292,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Maad Rayan Publishing Company","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["hpp.tbzmed.ac.ir"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Promot Perspect"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> As visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has recently expanded in previously non-endemic areas of Nepal, the health system is facing new challenges. Female community health volunteers(FCHVs) are playing an important role for VL elimination in Nepal. This study aimed to analyze the actual and potential role of FCHVs for VL elimination program as well as community awareness of the disease (VL) and protective measures. <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We used a concurrent embedded mixed methods design. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with FCHVs of 22 VLendemic villages of 3 districts. Concurrently quantitative data were collected through formal interviews of 203 household heads of the same villages. <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> FCHVs are able to perform their duties in an efficient way with the support of their families and specific incentives. FCHVs in the VL-endemic region have a good ability to recognize the VL suspects and refer to health facilities. The feedback by the district health office on referred patients was weak thus missing the opportunity of involving FCHVs in the 6-months follow up. In houses with a previous VL case knowledge levels of prevention and treatment ofVL were significantly better than in houses without a previous VL case. More people in houses with a former VL patient were aware on VL transmission. <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> FCHVs are playing an important role for VL elimination in Nepal through detection of suspected cases and referral and may play a role in vector surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15171\/hpp.2020.09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,9]],"date-time":"2020-02-09T23:15:15Z","timestamp":1581290115000},"page":"50-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Role of female community health volunteers for visceral leishmaniasisdetection and vector surveillance in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3736-0734","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mazin","family":"Omer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Kroeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany, WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHOTDR), Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand Ballabh","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murari Lal","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina Ghassan","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0805-1147","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vivek Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chitra Kumar","family":"Gurung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5024-6127","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megha Raj","family":"Banjara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/382077"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0279"},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Report of the Scientific Working Group meeting on Leishmaniasis. Geneva: WHO; 2004. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/resources\/tdr_swg_04\/en\/. Accessed 26 March 2019."},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1748"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"World Health Organization-Regional Office for South-East Asia (WHO-SEARO). Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region (\u200e2005-2015)\u200e. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/205825. Accessed 25 March 2019."},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP). National Strategic Guideline on Kala-azar Elimination Program in Nepal 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/leishmaniasis\/burden\/Leishmaniasis_Nepal\/en\/. Accessed 25 March 2019."},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0502"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0291"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2018.1454870"},{"key":"R11","first-page":"189","article-title":"Recognizing the diverse roles of community health workers in the elimination of health disparities: from paid staff to volunteers","volume":"20","author":"Cherrington A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"Bhutta ZA, Lassi ZS, Pariyo G, Huicho L. Global Experience of Community Health Workers for Delivery of Health Related Millennium Development Goals: A Systematic Review, Country Case Studies, and Recommendations for Integration into National Health Systems. WHO; 2010. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/workforcealliance\/knowledge\/resources\/chwreport\/en\/. 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Accessed 25 October 2019."},{"key":"R17","first-page":"120","article-title":"Teaching thematic analysis: overcoming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning","volume":"26","author":"Clarke V","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychologist"},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP). Annual Report. Kathmandu, Nepal: MoHP; 2013. Available from: http:\/\/dohs.gov.np\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Annual_Report_2070_71.pdf. Accessed 18 February 2019."},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"Era N. An analytical report on female community health volunteers (FCHVs) of Nepal. Kathmandu: USAID\/Government of Nepal; 2007. Available from: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR181\/FCHV_Nepal2007.pdf. Accessed 20 February 2019."},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00181"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.02.034"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-015-0051-1"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.06.020"},{"key":"R24","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). The post Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) atlas: a manual for health workers . WHO; 2012. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/resources\/9789241504102\/en\/. 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