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Logistic regression model was applied to identify the variables that are associated with drug and stimulant use.  Results: In total 2065 respondents including 1155 men (33.96 \u00b1 10.40 years old) and 910 women (35.45 \u00b1 12.21 years old) were recruited. Two-third of respondents had good awareness about adverse effects of opioid use. Corresponding figure in terms of stimulants was 81.4%. Almost 95% of participants reported a negative attitude towards either opioid or stimulant use. The lifetime prevalence of opioid use and stimulant use were 12.9% (men: 21.5%, women: 4.0%) and 7.3% (men: 9.6%, women: 4.9%), respectively. Gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]M\/W=6.92; 95% CI: 2.92, 16.42), education (AORundergraduate\/diploma or less =0.49; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.90), and marital status (AORothers\/single=2.13; 95% CI: 1.36, 3.33) were significantly related with opioid use. With respect to stimulant use, age was negatively associated with the outcome (AOR60+\/20-29 years = 0.08: 95% CI; 0.01, 0.98) and men were 2 times more likely than women to use stimulants (ORM\/W=2.15: 95% CI: 0.83, 5.56). In addition, marital status (AOROthers\/singles = 3.45; 95% CI: 1.09, 10.93), and awareness (AORWeak and moderate\/good =0.40; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.61) were independently correlated with stimulants use.  Conclusion: While the attitude of Iranian adults toward opioid and stimulant use was negative, their awareness was not that adequate to prevent the drug use. Men and those with lower socio-economic status (SES) should be the focus of health promotion programs regarding opioid use. However, regarding stimulants use, promotion programs should target younger age groups and those with higher SES status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2018.128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T05:10:03Z","timestamp":1553749803000},"page":"222-232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Awareness and Attitude Towards Opioid and Stimulant Use and Lifetime Prevalence of the Drugs: A Study in 5 Large Cities of Iran"],"prefix":"10.34172","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Mohebbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Akbar","family":"Haghdoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Noroozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran."},{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Molavi Vardanjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPH Department, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Hajebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Addiction & Risky Behavior (ReCARB), Psychiatric Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roya","family":"Nikbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Mehrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran."},{"name":"Department of Mental, Social Health and Drug Use, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Jabbarinejad Kermani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahshid","family":"Salemianpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Baneshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"20123","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Maqbool S. 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