{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:53:36Z","timestamp":1777668816139,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]],"date-time":"2000-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":951868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Scaled worlds preserve certain functional relationships of a complex task environment while paring away others. The functional relationships preserved are defined by the questions of interest to the researcher. Different scaled worlds of the same task may preserve and pare away different functional relationships. In this paper we use the example of Ned to discuss the use of scaled worlds in applied cognitive research. Ned is based on a detailed cognitive task analysis of submarine approach officers as they attempt to localize an enemy submarine hiding in deep water. For Ned we attempted to preserve the functional relationships inherent in the approach officer's information environment while paring away other aspects of his task environment. Scaled worlds attempt to maintain the realism inherent in the preserved functional relationship while being tractable for the researcher and engaging to the participant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872000779656606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]],"date-time":"2007-01-25T18:02:02Z","timestamp":1169748122000},"page":"8-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Special Section: Contending with Complexity: Developing and Using a Scaled World in Applied Cognitive Research"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Ehret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wayne D.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan S.","family":"Kirschenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(90)90093-F"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Atomic components of thought","author":"Anderson, J. R.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(92)90019-A"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(93)90005-D"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200656"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5657.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-5041-2896-4_45"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Gray, W. D. (in press). The nature and processing of errors in interactive behavior.\n                      Cognitive Science."},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Cognitive task analysis.","author":"Gray, W. D."},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Gray, W. D., Kirschenbaum, S. S. & Ehret, B. D. (1997). The pr\u00e9cis of Project Nemo, phase 1: Subgoaling and subschemas for submariners. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 283\u2013288). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Subgoaling and subschemas for submariners: Cognitive models of situation assessment","author":"Kirschenbaum, S. S.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1996.0087"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-55606-0_14"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"The design of everyday things.","author":"Norman, D. A.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soldow, D. S. (1998).\n                      An assessment of submarine approach officer decision-making and its implications for command workstation design.\n                      Unpublished master's thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.","DOI":"10.1037\/e444092005-001"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Foundations of intelligent tutoring systems","author":"VanLehn, K.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"The think aloud method: A practical guide to modelling cognitive processes.","author":"vanSomeren, M. 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