{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T12:08:06Z","timestamp":1773144486412,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,1]],"date-time":"2001-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1007164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Proposals for air traffic management such as Free Flight call for a transfer of responsibility for separation between aircraft from air traffic controllers (ATCos) to pilots. Under many proposals, the role of the ATCo will change from one of active control to passive monitoring. The present study directly compared these types of control with respect to ATCo mental workload, conflict detection, and memory. Eighteen ATCos participated in an air traffic control simulation of Free Flight procedures under moderate and high traffic load. Dependent variables included accuracy and timeliness in detecting potential conflicts, accepting and handing off aircraft, mental workload (as assessed by a secondary task, heart rate variability, and subjective ratings), and memory for aircraft location. High traffic density and passive control both degraded conflict detection performance. Actual or potential applications of this research include the recommendation that designs for future air traffic management keep authority for separation of aircraft with the controller. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775870421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,4]],"date-time":"2007-07-04T23:12:03Z","timestamp":1183590723000},"page":"519-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["The Role of the Air Traffic Controller in Future Air Traffic Management: An Empirical Study of Active Control versus Passive Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ulla","family":"Metzger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fairchild Dornier GmbH, Wessling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Parasuraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C."}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088702900204"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"CSLacq [Computer software].","author":"Byrne, E. A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1o, D. & Parasuraman, R. (1999). Manipulation of pilot intent under free flight: A prelude to not-so-free flight. In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 170\u2013176). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779064555"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Effect of free flight on controller performance, workload, and situation awareness","author":"Endsley, M. 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Air traffic control workstation mock-up for free flight experimentation: Lab development and capabilities. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting [abstract] (p. 1379). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181397041002166"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Metzger, U., Galster, S. M. & Parasuraman, R. (1999). Effects of a conflict detection aid and traffic density on controller mental workload and performance in an ATC task simulating free flight. In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 541-547). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University."},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (1999). Concept definition for distributed air\/ground traffic management (DAGTM, Version 1.0). In Advanced Air Transport Technologies (AATT) Project: Aviation System Capacity (ASC) Program [Online]. 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