{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:20:48Z","timestamp":1773328848934,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]],"date-time":"2001-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":991353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We describe two experiments that examine 3D pathway displays in a head-up location for aircraft landing and taxi. We address both guidance performance and pilot strategies in dividing, focusing, and allocating attention between flight path information and event monitoring. In Experiment 1 the 3D pathway head-up display (HUD) was compared with a conventional 2D HUD. The former was found to produce better guidance, with few costs to event detection. Some evidence was provided that attentional tunneling of the pathway HUD inhibits the detection of unexpected traffic events. In Experiment 2, the pathway display was compared in a head-up versus a head-down location. Excellent guidance was achieved in both locations. A slight HUD cost for vertical tracking in the air was offset by a HUD benefit for event detection and for lateral tracking during taxi (i.e., on the ground). The results of both experiments are interpreted within the framework of object- and space-based theories of visual attention and point to the conclusion that pathway HUDs combine the independent advantages of pathways and HUDs, particularly during ground operations. Actual or potential applications include understanding the costs and benefits of positioning a 3D pathway display <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775900841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,20]],"date-time":"2006-02-20T21:22:22Z","timestamp":1140470542000},"page":"173-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Pathway HUDs: Are They Viable?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Fadden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Corporation, American Fork, Utah"}]},{"given":"Patricia May","family":"Ververs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeywell Technology Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Wickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Savoy, Illinois"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.113.4.501"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Fadden, S. (1999). Supporting pilot performance with an integrated flight path head-up display. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadden, S., Ververs, P. & Wickens, C. D. (1998). Costs and benefits of head-up display use: A meta-analytic approach. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting (pp. 16\u201320). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129804200105"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Maximizing traffic awareness with a head-up flight path highway display","author":"Fadden, S.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Cognitive issues in head-up displays","author":"Fischer, E.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Paper presented at the NATO RTO HFM Symposium on Usability of Information in Battle Management Operations","author":"Flemisch, F. 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