{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:57:10Z","timestamp":1777669030111,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]],"date-time":"2002-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1030838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prior research examined how controllers plan in their traditional environment and identified various information uncertainties as detriments to planning. A planning aid was designed to reduce this uncertainty by perceptually representing important constraints. This included integrating spatial information on the radar screen with discrete information (planned sequences of air traffic). Previous research reported improved planning performance and decreased workload in the planning aid condition. The purpose of this paper was to determine the source of these performance improvements. Analysis of computer interactions using loglinear modeling showed that the planning interface led to less repetitive - but more integrated - information retrieval compared with the traditional planning environment. Ecological interface design principles helped explain how the integrated information retrieval gave rise to the performance improvements. Actual or potential applications of this research include the design and evaluation of interface automation that keeps users in active control by modification of perceptual task characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024497691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,20]],"date-time":"2005-07-20T08:03:03Z","timestamp":1121846583000},"page":"404-412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Aiding Planning in Air Traffic Control: An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Perceptual Information Integration"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Moertl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Canning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"White Oak Technologies, Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Gronlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R. P.","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland College Park, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joakim","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ericsson AB, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott H.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SBC Technology Resources, Inc., Austin, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"User request evaluation tool (URET) interfacility conflict probe performance assessment","author":"Arthur, W. C.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 3rd International Air Traffic Management Seminar","author":"Bressolle, M. C."},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Canning, J. M., Johansson J., Gronlund, S. D., Dougherty, M. R. P. & Mills, S. H. (1999). Effects of a novel interface design on strategic planning by en route controllers. In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 528-533). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University."},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"The center-TRACON automation system: Simulation and field testing","author":"Denery, D. G.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Dougherty, M. R. P., Gronlund, S. D., Durso, F. T., Canning, J. M. & Mills, S. H. (1999). Plan generation in air traffic control. In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 522-527). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University."},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401397188341"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Air traffic control handbook","author":"Federal Aviation Administration.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326969ECO1201_7"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775870421"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moertl, P. M., Canning, J. M., Johansson, J., Gronlund S. D., Dougherty, M. R. P. & Mills, S. H. (2000). Workload and performance in FOPA: A strategic planning interface for air traffic control. In Proceedings of the XIVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association and 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (Vol. 3, pp. 65-68). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120004401317"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Moertl, P. M., University of Oklahoma Psychology Department. (n.d.).\n                      FOPA - Flight organizer planning aid.\n                      Retrieved August 15, 2002, from http:\/\/www.ou.edu\/cas\/psychology\/HTIC\/FOPA\/"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0903&4_6"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1996.0028"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319009525974"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326969eco0203_2"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"A system concept for facilitating user preferences in en route airspace","author":"Vivona, R. 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