{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:05:34Z","timestamp":1770984334653,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]],"date-time":"2002-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Driver education classes were once seen as a remedy for young drivers overin-volvement in crashes, but research results from the early 1970s were disappointing. Few changes in the content or methods of instruction occurred until recently, but this could change rapidly. Personal computers (PCs) can now present videos or photorealistic simulations of risky, cognitively demanding traffic scenarios that require quick responses without putting the participant at risk. As such programs proliferate, evaluating their effectiveness poses a major challenge. We report the use of a fixed-base driving simulator to study the effects of both experience on the road and PC-based risk awareness training on younger drivers' part-task simulator driving performance in risky traffic scenarios. We ran three groups of drivers on the simulator: one group first trained on the PC (younger, inexperienced drivers) and two groups who received no PC training (younger, inexperienced and experienced drivers). Overall, the younger, inexperienced drivers who were trained on a PC operated their vehicles in risky scenarios in ways that differed measurably from those of the untrained younger, inexperienced drivers and, more important, in ways that we believe would decrease their exposure to risk considering that, on average, their behavior was more similar to the behavior of the untrained, experienced drivers. More research is needed to demonstrate whether these findings apply on the open road to the larger population of younger drivers. However, at least initially, the research suggests that PC-based risk awareness training programs have the potential to reduce the high crash rate among younger, inexperienced drivers. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024497853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,20]],"date-time":"2005-07-20T12:03:03Z","timestamp":1121860983000},"page":"287-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Use of a Fixed-Base Driving Simulator to Evaluate the Effects of Experience and PC-Based Risk Awareness Training on Drivers' Decisions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Donald L.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Laurie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Connerney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Pollatsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InterScience America, Leesburg, Virginia"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Teen and senior drivers","author":"Aizenberg, R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blank, D. & McCord, R. (1998). Design and presentation of a CD-ROM driving program (Driver-ZED). In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting (pp. 1401-1402). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129804202009"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089103300303"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138808966696"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glaser, R. & Fisher, D. L. (1997). Driving simulators: Are they valid test environments for ITS development? In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting (pp. 926-928). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/107118139704100246"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Young car drivers: Why are they over represented in car accidents? How can driver training improve their situation?","author":"Gregersen, N. 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A., Deery, H. A. & Triggs, T. J. (1998). Training for attentional control in novice car drivers. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting (pp. 1452-1456). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129804202020"},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"Regan, J. A., Deery, H. A. & Triggs, T. J. (1999). A technique for enhancing risk perception in novice car drivers. In Proceedings of the Road Safety Research, Enforcement and Education Annual Conference (pp. 51\u201355). Wellington, New Zealand: Land Transport Safety Authority and New Zealand Police."},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.127"},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"Triggs, T. J. (1994). Human performance and driving: The role of simulation in improving younger driver safety. In Proceedings of the 12th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (Vol. 1, pp. 23-26). Toronto, Canada: Human Factors Association of Canada."},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Triggs, T. J. & Regan, M. A. (1998). Development of a cognitive skills training product for novice drivers. In Proceedings of the 1998 Road Safety Research, Education and Enforcement Conference (pp. 46-50). Wellington, New Zealand: Land Transport Authority."},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Triggs, T. J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Simulation in driver training: A report of an Australian research program"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Wallace, P. R. & Regan, M. A. (1998). Case study: Converting human factors research into design specifications for instructional solution. In Proceedings of the 3rd International SimTect Conference (pp. 117-121). Adelaide, Australia: SimTect."},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Multiple task performance","author":"Wickens, C. D.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, D. K. (1998). The impetus for the development of a new risk management training program for teen drivers. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting (pp. 1394-1395). 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