{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:01:13Z","timestamp":1777669273745,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]],"date-time":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Differences in cellular phones' complexity and their impact on children's performance are under study in this experiment. Twenty children (age 9--14 years) solved tasks on two phones that were simulated according to existing models on a PC with a touch screen, holding constant display size, fonts, and colors. Actions were logged and analyzed regarding execution time, detour steps, and specific errors. Results show that children using the Siemens C35i with 25% higher complexity (with regard to number of required production rules) spent double the time solving tasks and undertook three times as many detour steps as children using the less complex Nokia 3210. A detailed analysis of user actions revealed that the number of production rules to be learned fails to account for most difficulties. Instead, ambiguous naming, poor categorization of functions, and unclear functionality of keys undermined performance. Actual or potential applications of this research include guidelines to improve the usability of all devices with small displays and hierarchical menu structures, such as cellular phones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720053653857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,18]],"date-time":"2005-04-18T20:05:44Z","timestamp":1113854744000},"page":"158-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Children Using Cellular Phones: The Effects of Shortcomings in User Interface Design"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Susanne","family":"Bay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Ziefle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"170","volume-title":"Human-centred computing: Cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects","author":"Bay, S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Visual display terminals: Usability issues and health concerns","author":"Bennett, J. L.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"CHIP Online. (2003).\n                      Studie: Jedes f\u00fcnfte Kind telefoniert mobil [Survey: Every fifth child uses mobile phone]\n                      . Retrieved November 18, 2003, from http:\/\/www.chip.de\/news\/c_news_ 9670561.html"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Human-computer interaction.","author":"Dix, A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Ergonomische Anforderungen f\u00fcr B\u00fcrot\u00e4tigkeiten mit Bildschirmger\u00e4ten: Teil 11. Anforderungen an die Gebrauchstauglichkeit [Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals: Part 11. Guidance on usability]","author":"EN ISO 9241-11.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Wireless world: Social and interactional aspects of the mobile age","author":"Harper, R.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80045-6"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"The psychology of menu selection.","author":"Norman, K. L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2000.9669058","volume":"12","author":"Stanney, K. M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929021000048538"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Ziefle, M. (2002b). Usability of menu structures and navigation keys in mobile phones: A comparison of the ease of use in three different brands. In H. Luczak, A. E. \u00c7akir, & G. \u00c7akir (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Scientific Conference on Work with Display Units (pp. 359\u2013361). Berlin: Ergonomic."},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-28637-0_3"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Ziefle,M., Bay, S. & Schwade, A. (2004).\n                      On keys' meanings and modes: The impact of different key solutions on children's efficiency using a mobile phone.\n                      Manuscript submitted for publication."}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/0018720053653857","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/0018720053653857","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:39Z","timestamp":1777449159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/0018720053653857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/0018720053653857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/0018720053653857","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}}}