{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:01:58Z","timestamp":1777669318534,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports two experiments about street crossing under conditions of free flowing traffic, with a focus on modern roundabout intersections. Experiment 1 was conducted at three roundabouts varying in size and traffic volume. Six totally blind and six sighted adults judged whether gaps in traffic were long enough to permit crossing to the median (splitter) island before the next vehicle arrived. Gap distributions and measures of judgment quality are reported. Overall, blind participants were about 2.5 times less likely to make correct judgments than sighted participants, took longer to detect crossable gaps, and were more likely to miss crossable gaps altogether. However, the differences were significant only at the two higher volume roundabouts. In Experiment 2, we evaluated the response of drivers to pedestrians with and without mobility devices (i.e., long canes, dog guides). The experiment was conducted at a single-lane roundabout, a midblock crossing, and a two-way-stop-controlled intersection. Site-specific characteristics appeared to have a greater impact on drivers' yielding than did a mobility device. Actual or potential applications of this research include the development of methods for assessing pedestrian safety and driver behavior as well as identifying intersections that may require modification in order to be accessible to blind pedestrians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720054679533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,5]],"date-time":"2005-08-05T22:20:38Z","timestamp":1123280438000},"page":"314-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Blind and Sighted Pedestrians' Judgments of Gaps in Traffic at Roundabouts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Guth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ashmead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ponchillia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-84537-6_9"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Americans With Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 12101 et seq. (1990)."},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Architectural Barriers Act, 42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 4151 et seq. (1968)."},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"31","volume":"25","author":"Barthorpe, F.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Automotive Engineer"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"13","volume":"191","author":"Bared, J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"TR News"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X9508900506"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-84537-6"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"The design of roundabouts.","author":"Brown, M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"17","volume":"12","author":"Brude, U.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nordic Road and Transport Research"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"19","volume":"19","author":"Connelly, M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Education and Treatment of Children"},{"issue":"12","key":"atypb11","first-page":"2","volume":"40","author":"Crawford, C.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Braille Forum"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Roundabouts: An informational guide","author":"Federal Highway Administration.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/1751-09"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Guichet, B. (1997). Roundabouts in France: Development, safety, design, and capacity. In M. Kyte (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Intersections Without Traffic Signals (pp. 100\u2013105). Moscow: University of Idaho."},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Guth,D., Long, R. & Ashmead, D. (2000, August).\n                      Interviews about roundabouts with blind pedestrians in England and France.\n                      Unpublished report to the American Council of the Blind. (Available from D. Guth at the contact address listed for this paper)."},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"354","volume":"33","author":"Hallworth, M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Traffic Engineering and Control"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80083-0"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1993.9712153"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Statistical methods for psychology","author":"Howell, D. C.","year":"1992","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"The effect of innovative treatment at unsignalized locations: A tale of three treatments","author":"Huang, H.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Roundabout Accessibility Summit.","author":"Institute of Transportation Engineers.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e439672008-001"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"The art and science of teaching orientation and mobility to people with visual impairments.","author":"Jacobson, W.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Synthesis of Highway Practice 264: Modern roundabout practice in the United States","author":"Jacquemart, G.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook","author":"Keppel, G.","year":"1991","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Modern roundabouts: The Web site","author":"Kittelson and Associates, Inc."},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"31","volume":"32","author":"Lalani, L.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Greater London Intelligence Quarterly"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Accidents at 4-arm roundabouts","author":"Maycock, G.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Request for proposals: Project 3-78, Crossing solutions at roundabouts and channelized turn lanes for pedestrians with vision disabilities.","author":"National Cooperative Highway Research Program.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"Roundabout design guidelines.","author":"Ourston, L.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00053-5"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.4.628"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2005)131:3(211)"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Mini-roundabouts: Getting them right.","author":"Sawers, C.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb35","volume-title":"Ongevallen op rotondes II; Tweede onderzoek naar de onveiligheid van rotondes vooral voor fietsers en bromfietsers","author":"Schoon, C.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb36","first-page":"142","volume":"35","author":"Schoon, C.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Traffic Engineering and Control"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-84537-6_19"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-84537-6_4"},{"key":"atypb39","volume-title":"Roundabout design guidelines.","author":"State of Maryland Department of Transportation.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb40","first-page":"68","volume":"1398","author":"Troutbeck, R. J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"key":"atypb41","volume-title":"Review of pedestrian safety at roundabouts.","author":"Tumber, C.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"Pedestrian access to modern roundabouts: Design and operational issues for pedestrians who are blind.","author":"U.S. Access Board.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"Draft guidelines for accessible rights-of-way.","author":"U.S. Access Board.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2004.1317877"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/0018720054679533","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/0018720054679533","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:45Z","timestamp":1777449165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/0018720054679533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/0018720054679533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/0018720054679533","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}}}